anatomy and physiology unit 1

what are the four types of tissue?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

tissues contain

cells

cells contain

organelles

what are organelles?

specialized structures that allow each cell to fulfill its specific purpose

what are some locations of epithelial tissue?

lining major cavities and some organs, on the outer surfaces of the body, and in glands

what is the makeup of epithelial tissue?

mucous membrane and limited amount of cells

what is the purpose of epithelial tissue?

acts as a barrier against things like infectious organisms due to its shortage of cells that make it a protective, packed sheet; prevents dehydration/fluid loss

what are the parts of the epithelial tissue?

ciliated/cilial epithelium, glandular epithelium, and baseplate/basement membrane

what is cilia?

hair-like protrusions that move matter from one location to another to clean the tissue

what is glandular epithelium?

epithelium that secretes

what is baseplate/basement membrane made of?

collagen

what is collagen?

structural protein

what does baseplate/basement membrane do?

filters, stabilizes, and directs the growth pattern of epithelium; joins it with connective tissue

what are the three subtypes of epithelial tissue?

squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

what does squamous mean?

scales

what does cuboidal mean?

cube-shaped

what does columnar mean?

column-shaped

each of the three types of epithelial tissue can be:

simple or stratified

what is simple tissue?

one layer

what is stratified tissue?

layered

what does stratified tissue do?

provides more protection from friction, abrasion and drying out than simple tissue does

what are the locations of connective tissue?

various locations throughout the body

what is the makeup of connective tissue?

matrix of predominantly intracellular material that can be solid, liquid, or gel-like

what is the purpose of connective tissue?

binds together and supports tissues and organs

what is the type of connective tissue that holds organs in place?

areolar

what is the type of connective tissue that has significant fat deposits?

adipose

what is the type of connective tissue that is dense for strong connections?

fibrous

what is the type of connective tissue that is springy so that it can bounce back to its original shape with ease?

elastic

what is the type of connective tissue that contains macrophages, lymphocytes, reticular fibers (fibroblasts), and mast cells?

lymphoid tissue

what is the type of connective tissue that is strong, elastic, and can’t be pulled apart?

cartilage

what are the three types of cartilage

hyaline, fibro-cartilage, and yellow (elastic) cartilage

what type of cartilage is smooth and found in joints?

hyaline

what type of cartilage is a good shock absorber and contains collagen?

fibro-cartilage

what type of cartilage is very flexible?

yellow (elastic) cartilage

what is the type of connective tissue that is a transport system for gases, nutrients, and waste?

blood

what is blood made of?

corpuscles (red and white blood cells) in a fluid matrix (plasma)

what is the type of connective tissue that are hard due to inorganic salts?

bone

what are the two types of bone?

compact and spongy

what is spongy bone?

porous, inner layer of bone

what is compact bone?

dense and strong, outer layer of bone

what are the locations of muscle tissue?

various locations

what is the makeup of muscle tissue?

specialized proteins that slide past one another and allow for movement/contractions

what is the purpose of muscle tissue?

movement; contracts if stimulated by neural signals

what are the sub-types of muscle tissue?

striated/skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

what kind of movement does striated/skeletal muscle do?

voluntary (somatic) movement, skeletal (bone) movement

what kind of movement does smooth muscle do?

involuntary (automatic) movement, internal organ movement

what kind of movement does cardiac muscle do?

involuntary (automatic), heart movement (heartbeat)

what is cardiac muscle made of?

a combination of striated and smooth muscle

what are the locations of the nervous tissue?

throughout the entire body

what is the makeup of nervous tissue?

nervous and supporting/glial cells

what is the purpose of nervous tissue?

to generate and conduct electrical signals for communication

nervous tissue can carry information from

neuron to neuron, sensory structures to neurons, and neurons to muscles

what is the definition of anatomy?

the study of the structure of an organism

what is the definition of physiology?

the study of the function of a living organism and its components

what is the axial structure?

the bones of the head and trunk

what are the appendicular structures?

bones of the appendages

what does anatomical position mean?

the body is erect, arms and hands face forward

what the plane that refers to the front of the body?

frontal/coronal

what is the plane that refers to the back of the body?

posterior/dorsal

what plane refers to the upper or lower half of the body?

transverse

what plane refers to the body from the side?

saggital

what does anterior or ventral mean?

looking at the forward half of a body; front position

what does posterior or dorsal mean?

looking at the backward half of a body; back position

what does superior/rostral mean?

upper part of a body, typically refers to the head (also called cranial)

what does inferior/caudal mean?

lower part of a body, closer in relation to the tailbone

what does medial mean?

closer to the central of any relative body or area

what does distal mean?

further from the center of a relative area

what does superficial mean?

closer to the outer layer of skin than other organ(s) in a body

what does deep mean?

further from the outer layer of skin, deeper in the body

what does supine/supinated mean?

pointing superiorly or facing upwards

what does prone/pronated mean?

pointing inferiorly or facing downwards

what is a superior movement?

something moving closer to the top half of a body

what is an inferior movement?

something moving closer to the bottom half of a body

what is a medial movement?

something moving closer to a body or its center

what is a lateral movement?

something moving to the side of the center of a body

what is proximal movement?

something moving closer to the midline of a body

what is a distal movement?

something moving further away from the midline of a body

what are the location terms for a quadraped?

anterior/rostral, superior/dorsal, caudal/posterior, inferior/ventral

what parts make up the skull?

head (caput) and neck

what parts make up the upper extremities?

shoulder girdle, arms, forearms, hands

what parts make up the lower extremities?

thigh, leg, foot

what parts make up the trunk?

thorax, abdomen, dorsal trunk (upper back)

what cavity is the brain in?

cranial

what cavity is the spinal cord in?

spinal

what cavity is the heart in?

pericardial

what cavity are the lungs in?

pleural

what cavity houses the pericardial cavity?

thoracic cavity

what are the seven body cavities?

cranial, spinal, thoracic, pericardial, pelvic, abdominal, and pleural

what are tissue aggregates?

combined tissues that form larger structures

what are types of tissue aggregates?

bones, muscles, fascia, ligaments, tendons, joints

what is the function of bones?

to provide rigid support for the body and protect organs and soft tissues

what is the periosteum?

the outer layer of bone

what starts as cartilage and gradually ossifies through childhood?

bones

what is a muscle tissue aggregate made of?

bound groups of muscle fibers

what point of a muscle refers to the point of attachment that is proximal and fixed?

the origin

what is the point of a muscle that refers to the point of attachment that is distal and mobile?

insertion

what are the types of muscles?

agonists, synergists, antagonists, and fixators

what do agonists do?

contract for motor actions

what do synergists do?

help agonists with movement

what do antagonists do?

move the muscle back to its original position after agonist’s contraction, opposite of the agonist’s movement