Biology-Exam 1

Anatomy

structure of organisms

Physiology

functioning of organisms

4 basic principles

structure + function, levels of organization, emergent properties, homeostasis

Homeostasis

internal stability, the body's way of maintaining steady internal conditions

Homeostatic Mechanism

series of events that creates a response in the body(stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, response)

Stimulus

causes a change in the body(internal or external)

Receptor

physical structure that measures change

Control Center

physical structure that processes incoming signals

Effector

organ or tissue that takes action

Response

reaction/outcome created by effector

Negative feedback loop

when the body fights/reduces change

Positive feedback loop

the body accepts the change when its helping the body

Most common elements in the human body

hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen

Nucleus

contains protons and neutrons

Protons

positive and mass of 1

Neutrons

neutral and mass of 1

Electrons

negative, moves around nucleus, no mass

Types of anatomy

gross- easy to see, systemic-body system, microscopic-small, cytology-study of cells, developmental-development of a body part, comparative-comparing different systems, regional-region of the body, histology-study of tissues-set of cells that aren't all the same

Types of physiology

systemic-how does something work, cell phys-inside of cell, comparative phys-comparing two things

Electron rules

1-electrons move in only if there is a vacancy 2-electrons fill orbits from inside out 3-first energy shell has 2 e- limit 4-subsequent shells have a 8e- limit

Valence shell

outer most shell. number of electrons in this shell dictates if/how an atom will interact w/other atoms

Cation

a positively charged ion that lost electrons

Anion

a negatively charged ion that gained electrons

Ion

atoms that carry a charge

Molecule

at least 2 atoms that are linked via e- sharing

Salt

assembly of ions(atoms with charges) of at least 2 different elements held together by chemical attraction btwn them

Compound

assembly of atoms of 2 or more elements, each in a precise ratio

Ionization energy

energy necessary to remove an electron from a neutral atom

Electronegativity

a measure of the ability of an atom in a molecule to draw bonding electrons to itself

Isotopes

atoms of the same element that differ in number of neutrons(will have a different mass)

Ionic bond

attraction of two oppositely charged particles (cation + anion)

Covalent bond

equal/unequal sharing of electrons

Hydrogen bond

polarity of a polar covalent bond allows attraction btwn resulting opposite partial charges

Decomposition

reactions reduce complex reactants into simpler products

Synthesis

reactions produce more complex products(formation of H2O)

Exchange

reactions reorganize the components of the reactants in a way that neither increases nor decreases their complexity

Reversible

potential for a reaction to return to its initial starting point

Endergonic

building energy

Exergonic

releasing energy

Kinetic energy

motion

Potential energy

stored

Thermal energy

random movement of atoms, ions and molecules

Electromagnetic energy

movement of photons through space(move as a wave)

Electrical energy

movement of charged particles(electrons or ions)

Chemical energy

stored in chemical bonds

Catabolic

breaking

Anabolic

building