medieval

people

.

centrality of the saints

you would pray to different saints for different needs

Charles martel

Charlemagne

king of the franks, crowned holy roman emperor on christmas, 800 ce by Pope Leo the 3rd: still shows how pope has more power because he gets to decide who it is. The church needed a protector against the barbarians and Byzantium

charlemagnes achèvements:

• promotion of study, learning, and arts

• creation of a new and stable coinage

• conquest of parts of Italy, Bohemia, and Spain

Louis the pious

• Son of charlemagne. Takes over and splits his empire among his 3 sons. This ends the empire

• Treaty of verdun in 843 ce: treaty among the 3 sons

those who pray

christian clergy and monks. single most powerful in Europe

those who fight

nobles/aristocrats

tax exempt

cavalry men until battle of creecy

chivalric code

payed for own stuff

those who work

peasants and majority of the population that wasnt a noble/clergyman

vassals

a subordinate person owing service to a land

peasant

poorest people, agriculture on lords land

serf

type of peasant, legally bound to lord, unfree labor, worse than peasant agriculture

obligation between serf and lords

• lords gave protection to serf

• serf gave work to lord

the crown

?

nuclear family

mom, dad, kids

extended family

multigenerational

knights

armored on horseback, heavy Calvary men. equipment and training financed by the noble chivalric code

knights were exempt from taxes

nobles and aristocrats

St. Peter

secular clergy

they interact with the outside world

cardinals

wear red, run church for pope

regular clergy or monastic orders

follows regulations, monks set of laws for these certain groups?

Mary

the medieval cult of saints//cult of Mary. would see Mary as nearly the coequal of christ

sainte-foy

abby, conques france, 1050-1130, romanesque culture

st. Jerome

Thomas Aquinius Dominican Friar

saint, philosopher

thomism/scholasticism

galen

claimed there were 4 kinds of fluid in the body. when those fluids were unbalanced you get sick. claimed the solution was blood letting

anne

Mary’s mother

not mentioned in the Bible

barbarians

land

.

Europe in 1300

kingdom of granada, duchy of guyenne, collection of states, ecclesiastic territories, free cities

• after the fall of Charlemagne’s empire

where does christianity continue

the east

what was the great exception to the rural shift

Italian peninsula city states

milan

powerful

Genoa

harbor city, trade

venice

harbor, trade

florence

start of renaissance

rome

lost lots of population but doesn’t disappear

naples

harbor town, trade

rome during this time

has large territories or the Papal States. pope has possession because of the donation of Constantine

what was the religious contender from the east

islam , islam moors, Mecca, and Medina, grows east and north

art/architecture/literature

.

triumph of st. Thomas aquinius

early Italian renaissance, 1474, by gozzoli, there are visible que’s in the painting that he is the most important one

crucification and mourning figures

barbarian and christian. theme: Christs triumph over death: big promise of christianity, carollingian culture, 870,

the fall and the expulsion of Adam and Eve from the garden of eden

by Michelangelo, high renaissance culture, 1509-10

the great mosque

785-786, islamic culture

sainte chapel

high gothic culture, 1242-48, Louis the IX’s giant reliquary: crown of thorns, the lance, part of the true cross, nail from the crucification, private chapel, stone tracery, pilgrimage, chapel open once a year

Chartres cathedral

chartes, france. 12th-13th century.

gothic aspects: pointed arches, flying buttresses, rose stained glass, distributed weight from wall to outside things. verticality = tall walls: shows how people are small and far from god

Chartres cathedral nave

1134-1220, high gothic culture, can tell its gothic by pointed arches. popular pilgrimage destination: has Mary’s tunic, head of Sainte Anne (Mary’s mother), and where French kings were crowned

terms

.

benefices

grants of land, usually a reward for military service

cosmopolitan

comfortable in cities

thomism/scholasticism

faith and reason: attempted merge of Aristotle and christianity: said that god gave 2 beams of light (beam of faith and beam of reason)

curriculum: logic/theory, medicine, law, and arts

humanist

humans can do anything without the help of powerful entities

feudalism

political/social

manorialism/seignorialism

system of autonomous, self governing agricultural estates, owned by lords and worked by peasants

donation of Constantine

.

Byzantium

.

the coin

cultural revival, similar to roman coin (side profile) Charlemagne

sumptuary law

English sumptuary law, 1559: nice materials were reserved for nobles. also there was only so much stuff to go around to begin with

catholicism

the working off of sin

chilvary

code of behavior

events

.

the great schism

when the Byzantiumm and origins of eastern orthodox churches refuse the power of the pope

battle of tours

732 ce, charles martel: king of the franks, turns back the moors, battle checks the Arab conquest of Europe

other

.

the transition from classical world to medieval world

urban to rural

cosmopolitan to local

humanity to christian

medieval values

hybrid blend of barbarian and rome

• pride in ones family name

• pride in war

• christianity: roman

emperors in order of the HRE

• Carolingian dynasty

• ottoman dynasty

• Hohenstaufen dynasty

• wittelsbach

• house of Habsburg

politics in the medieval time period

• lacked money and bureaucracy

• kings ruled through aristocrats: basically the rulers

  • kings - aristocrats - common people

the great chain of being

chain not ladder, difference is you can’t climb a chain and you are put in your “link” by god

1. those who pray

2. those who fight

3. those who work

• these are the 3 orders//hierarchy on earth

the core

labor obligation from peasant to lords on lords land

main difference between serf and peasant

linkage and location

similarities between nuclear family and extended family

• worked together

• family economy

• socialize together

• economic motive

charivari

carnival inversion rituals, comes from common people policing themselves: humiliation when breaking traditional riles

how Wars would work before military innovation

peasants would slaughter each other and knights would come on que

structure of the church

3 sections

• secular clergy

• cardinals

• regular clergy and monastic orders

cannon law

different set of laws for the 3 sections of the church (would it be more punishable or less?)

what is the objective of christianity

to get into the next world. upon death: to be sin free on judgement day.

• how this relates to gibbons

  • christian: next world

  • roman: this world

original sin

when you are born its a sin because you are a descendant of Adam and eve

the big 3 of sin

power, sex, and money

treasury of merit

accessed only by the church. they did so much good stuff there was leftover grace to give ti the people. removes sin

orthopraxic vs orthodox

orthopraxic: demonstrate faith through action

orhtodoxic: what you think not by action

the mass/eucharist

the last supper: when the wine and bread turn into the different parts of christ

the seven sacraments

define it (stuff that gains merit/grace?)

• eucharist, baptism, penance, confirmation, marriage, holy orders, anointing the stick

indulgence

paying off your sings, you give money to the church for a certificate

the tympanum

tells a story on the church walls to show why you’re there.

7 deadly sins

lust, gluttony, greed, sloth, wrath, envy, pride

responsibilities of the church

• getting people into heaven

• education

• charity

• welfare

• prayer

accretions (additions) of the church

define it

• purgatory, indulgences, confession, pilgrimage, clerical celibacy, veneration of saints

Matthew 19:24

• it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich person to enter the kingdom of God.

represents hostility to wealth, rich people won’t go to heaven

12 christian apostles

Matthew, mark, Luke, John, Peter, Paul, James, Simon, mark, Luke, and john

• Matthew, mark, Luke, and John: the synoptic gospels

  • these people have differences in time period and emphasis

3 wells of truth for the church

1. the bible

2. the pope

3. church councils: history

first translation of the Bible

st. Jerome, pope in 1300: pope Boniface

education in churches

• monastic schools: trained monks

• cathedral schools

• university schools

medieval translations

monks/scribes in scriptoria in the monasteries

would copy the Bible and other christian texts by hand. including works of plato, Aristotle, and socrates

problems: mispelling or bias

where were disupatios hosted

the sorbonne or the university of Paris

gothic

age of cathedrals, new urbanism, high Middle Ages

when erasing sin you add _____

grace

music

.

plainchant/Gregorian chant

chant, composer unknown, latin, sung by monks, tells you what to do for the day

plainchant: meant to be mesmerizing

music of the Middle Ages

plainchant

1. monophony

2. polyphony

3. homophony