evolution

theory of evolution

theory of evolution

explains the differences/similarities in structure, function, and behavior among organisms

charles darwin

naturalist who traveled on the HMS beagle documenting organisms

3 patterns of diversity

species vary globally, locally, and over time

charles lyell

concluded earth is very old/uniformitarianism (earth is still changing)

jean-baptiste lamarck

argued species could evolve over time

thomas malthus

noticed people were being born faster than dying

fossil record

provides evidence for evolution

biogeography

the study of where organisms live now and where their ancestors lived in the past

selective breeding

the deliberate breeding of organisms to obtain or continue a favorable trait

adaptation

any heritable characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive/reproduce

fitness

measure of how well an organism can survive

mutation

changes in an organism’s DNA sequence

sexual reproduction

one member of each chromosome pair is shuffled randomly into each egg/sperm

lateral gene transfer

between individuals without direct inheritance from parent to offspring

polygenic traits

traits controlled by two or more genes

genetic drift

random changes in allele frequency caused by a series of chance occurances

genetic bottleneck

natural disaster kills many individuals in a population

nonrandom mating

females select mates based on size, strength, or coloration

sexual selection

when individuals select mates based on heritable traits

macroevolution

changes in anatomy, phylogeny, and behavior that take place in clades larger than a single species

niche

the role the species play

adaptive radiation

a single species evolves into several distinct species

convergent evolution

unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar envionments

coevolution

two species evolve in response to changes in each other over time