West Civ test 3

Martin Luther (Germany)

Posted Ninety Five Theses (1517), rejected indulgences, and taught salvation by faith alone.

John Calvin (Switzerland)

Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536), emphasizing predestination.

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss reformer, clashed with Luther over the Eucharist.

Henry VIII (England)

Broke with Rome, created the Church of England with the Act of Supremacy (1534).

Edward VI

First Protestant ruler of England.

Elizabeth I

Established Protestantism firmly in England.

Ignatius of Loyola

Founded Jesuits (Society of Jesus), focused on education & missions.

Anabaptists

Advocated adult baptism & church-state separation.

Lutheranism

Faith alone saves; Bible is sole authority; priesthood of all believers

Calvinism

Predestination; strict discipline

Anglicanism

Church of England under the monarch's control

Anabaptists

Adult baptism, voluntary faith, religious freedom

what did the Printing press help with?

spread of ideas

what are the causes of reformation?

Corruption in the Catholic Church (indulgences, wealth, worldliness), Humanism & critical thinking (Renaissance influence), Growing dissatisfaction with Church authority.

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

Reaffirmed Catholic teachings, ended indulgences abuses, strengthened church discipline.