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Who coined the term 'homeostasis'?

Walter B. Cannon in 1929.

What does 'homeostasis' mean?

A relatively constant internal environment.

What are the consequences of loss of homeostasis?

Physiological attempts to correct, potential death or illness.

What is pathophysiology?

The study of failure to compensate for loss of homeostasis.

What physiological response is associated with the sympathetic nervous system?

Increased heart rate, breathing rate, bronchodilation, pupil dilation, and decreased intestinal motility.

What neurotransmitters are associated with the sympathetic nervous system?

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline).

What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Decreases heart rate, breathing rate, causes pupil constriction, and increases intestinal motility.

What is the primary function of autonomic pathways?

To control smooth and cardiac muscles, some endocrine and exocrine glands, and some adipose tissue.

What is antagonistic control in the autonomic nervous system?

Most internal organs are under dual innervation where one branch is excitatory and the other is inhibitory.

What is the effect of the sympathetic response on the heart?

Increases rate and force of contraction.

What is the effect of the parasympathetic response on the heart?

Slows heart rate.

What is tonic control?

Regulation of physiological parameters in an up-down fashion.

What is the significance of the hypothalamus in homeostasis?

It regulates temperature control and water balance.

What is tonic immobility?

A physiological response characterized by decreased heart rate and breathing, often seen in prey animals as a defense mechanism.

What are Cannon's postulates regarding control systems?

Nervous regulation of the internal environment, tonic control, antagonistic control, and varying chemical signals' effects in different tissues.

What is the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways in terms of neurotransmitters?

Sympathetic pathways use acetylcholine and norepinephrine, while parasympathetic pathways use acetylcholine.

What is the role of the medulla in autonomic control?

Controls respiration, cardiac functions, vomiting, and swallowing.

What is the physiological response of the sympathetic nervous system during a 'fight or flight' situation?

Increases heart rate, breathing rate, and prepares the body for rapid action.

What is the physiological response of the parasympathetic nervous system during rest?

Promotes relaxation, decreases heart rate, and enhances digestive processes.

What are the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

What is the effect of epinephrine on blood vessels with α-receptors?

Vessel constriction.

What is the effect of epinephrine on blood vessels with β2-receptors?

Vessel dilation.

What is the craniosacral origin of the parasympathetic nervous system?

It originates from the brain and sacral spinal cord.

What is the thoracolumbar origin of the sympathetic nervous system?

It originates from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.