Geography Sem 1 Year 10

Spiritual Function

The recreational, psychological, aesthetic, and spiritual value of the environment to people, such as the deep connection to the land felt by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples of Australia.

Biodiversity

Refers to the variety of living organisms such as animals, plants and microorganisms, and the ecosystems, landscapes and environments that they form.

Four interconnected spheres

The four interconnected spheres are the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Each environment near the surface of the earth can be divided into these four spheres.

Types of Waves

Spilling waves break gently on beaches with gentle slopes, plunging waves break on moderately steep beaches and form tubes, surging waves roll up steep beaches and cause erosion.

Literacy rates

\________ measure the percentage of adults who can read and write and are often used as an indicator of education levels within countries.

HPI

The new Happy Planet Index (\________) results map the extent to which 151 countries across the globe produce long, happy and sustainable lives for the people that live in them.

Human wellbeing

\________ is a multidimensional term which refers to peoples quality of life and happiness.

Venezuela

\________ has a GDP of 2299, Nigeria has a GDP of 2229.

countrys GDP

A(n) \________ is one way to measure wealth.

Quantitative

\________ (measurable) indicators are those aspects that relate to our standard of living that can be easier to measure.

Oceania

\________ has total fertility of 2.4 children per woman.

Europe

\________ has the lowest fertility of 1.6 children per woman.

Qualitative

\________ and quantitative measures relating to a persons life.

Sydney

A homeless person living on the streets in \________ may or may not have much in common with a person who is living in a squatter settlement in Ethiopia or Somalia.

Economist Intelligence Unit

The where- to- be- born index, which links the results of subjective life- satisfaction surveys and objective determinants of quality of life (related to factors such as geography, demography, politics, income, crime, trust in public institutions and health of family life), was developed by The \________ to forecast how countries across the globe will be ranked in 2030. this will also be the year when a child born in 2013 will reach adulthood.

Life expectancy

\________ (the average time a person is expected to live) based on demographic factors including gender varies around the world considerably.

Development

\________ is a term that can be used to highlight the human wellbeing of a person.

Education

\________ provides much more than the opportunity to read, write and count.

School life expectancy

\________ is the total number of years of schooling (primary to tertiary) that a child can expect to receive.

Environmental degradation

\________ in developing countries is both a symptom of poverty and a factor contributing to ongoing poverty, food insecurity and climate change.

Corruption

\________ can prevent aid from reaching the people who need it most, which means then wellbeing will not be improved.

Transnational corporations

\________ (TNCs) frequently operate subsidiary companies in developing countries as they bring employment and stimulate economic growth.

Internal political instability

\________ often means money being devoted to development related projects to improve levels of human development is often diverted to finance the activities of the military and police forces.

mortality rates

A decrease in \________ has resulted in rapid population growth rates in the developing world.

Spatial variations

\________ exist across the globe for a range of wellbeing indicators such as life expectancy rates, infant and child mortality rates and fertility rates.

External factors

\________ refer to those that take place outside the control of a country.

Gross national product

\________ is the total value of all the final products and services, net exports represent the difference between what a country exports minus any imports of goods and services and also foreign earnings.

economic wealth

While \________ can meet the demands for material goods and services, people also need clean air, access to water and contact with a healthy natural environment for their mental and physical health.

education dimension

The \________ is measured by mean years of schooling for children.

standard of living dimension

The \________ is measured by gross national income per capita.

health dimension

The \________ is assessed by life expectancy at birth.

Qualitative

\________ (subjective) indicators are those aspects that relate to our standard of living and can be difficult to measure.

Life expectancy

\________ has increased due to improvements in farming techniques, working conditions, nutrition, medicine and hygiene.

Human wellbeing

\________ can be measured using qualitative (subjective) measures of a persons life or quantitative (objective) measures relating to a persons life.

Life expectancy

\________ refers to the number of years a person is expected to live based on the statistical average.

HPI

\________\= experienced wellbeing x life expectancy /ecological footprint.

economic indicators

income, GDP, GNP

social indicators

life expectancy, literacy rates, infant mortality rates

environmental indicators

health of the environment

political indicators

womens participation in public life

technological indicators

transport, communications

Human Development Index (HDI) is a tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries levels of social and economic development based on four criteria

life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling and gross national income per capita

the human development index is a summary measure of average achievement in key dimensions of human development

a long and healthy life, being knowledgeable and having a decent standard of living

there is a clear connection between wealth and life expectancy

wealthier people in all countries can expect to live longer than poorer people

Corrasion

\________- wave action moves rock and other material across the rock shelf and wears away the rock.

Natural beach channels

\________ are widened or deepened by removing earth from the bottom of waterways (a process known as dredging)

Geomorphic

\________ processes- uplifting forces within the earths crust, which create sea cliffs or the forces of erosion, transportation and deposition (lithosphere)

Groynes

\________- constructed along beaches (almost at right angles to the shore) to catch sand and make beaches wider.

Beach nourishment

\________- involves the movement of sand by machines.

Artificial reefs

\________ reduce wave energy and protect the beach from erosion.

Corrosion

\________- waves wet rocks and as the rock dries the salt in the sea water crystallises and acts on the minerals in the rock to erode material.

Geographers

\________ develop coastal management strategies to ensure a balance exists between the human development on the coast and the natural forces that operate within the environment.

Hydraulic action

\________- waves crash against a headland.

Geographers

\________ develop coastal management strategies to ensure a balance exists between the human development on the coast and the natural forces that operate within the environment.

Animal life

\________ consists of beach worms, planktons and crustaceans which provide food for fish.

Atmospheric

\________ processes- caused by such elements as temperature change, storms and the force of the wind.

Longshore drift

\________ is the process of transporting sand along the coast.

Breakwaters

\________- constructed at the entrances to rivers, they extend into the ocean in order to stabilise river entrances and provide safe access for boating by keeping the river entrance clear of sand build- up.

‘ interface

The shoreline or \________ is the exact point of interaction between the land and the sea.

Hard engineering

\________ involves using rocks and concrete to create structures which stop erosion are a frequent management strategy used along the coast.

Hydrologic

\________ processes- action of the waves, the tides and ocean currents (hydrosphere)

Waves

\________ and wind act to erode headlands and shape beaches.

Erosional processes

\________ remove sediment from the coast and wear away the coast line.

shallow water

When the waves enter \________ the energy in waves starts to interact with the sea floor.

Backwash

\________ is the water that runs back down into the ocean at a 90º angle.

fragile hind

The foredune provides a buffer zone for the \________ dune vegetation as well as property and developments.

Inundation

\________- during a storm, low atmospheric pressure and onshore winds can cause storm surge and extreme wave heights along the coast.

Depositional landforms

\________ include beaches and coastal dunes, which are shaped by the action of the wind, waves and prevailing ocean currents.

Tombolos

\________ are formed where a spit continues to grow outwards joining land to an offshore island.

dynamic zone

The coast is a(n) \________ where the atmosphere, ocean and land interact.

Coasts

\________ have been formed and shaped over thousands of years by the action of the wind and waves.

Stone breakwaters

\________ stretching far out to sea are constructed around ports and marinas to reduce wave impacts and tidal fluctuations.

Velocity

\________: the speed that a wave is travelling.

Wavelength

\________: the distance between two crests or two troughs.

Petrol related pollutants

\________ are emitted from motorboats, ferries and large ships and can harm the coastal environment.

Energy

\________ in waves is determined by their height, speed and wavelength.

Deposition

\________ is when eroded material including sand and other sediment is dropped by constructive waves.

sand dunes

The coastal zone includes many different physical features that you would already know and recognise like beaches and \________.

rubble mound breakwaters

They are \________ of typically single- sized stones with a crest at or below sea level.

Climate change

\________ exacerbates coastal flooding from a storm surge as the storm rides on higher sea levels.

long ridge

The sand which is deposited usually builds up over the years to form a(n) \________ which is stabilised and produces terrestrial communities.

sea levels

Rising \________ pose risks for many of Australias species and iconic natural places, and is eroding the viability of coastal communities in low- lying areas of Asia.

aeolian processes

Wind erosional forces are called \________.

movement of water

Backwash: the \________ and load back down the beach.

lowest spring

The beach is the area between the \________ tide level and the point reached by storm waves in the highest tides.

common feature

Blow holes are a(n) \________ formed by hydraulic action.

Biotic processes

\________- plant and animal life and the way they interact.

Beaches

\________ are formed by erosion and deposition of sand.

Kelps

________ absorb wave action and help defend the shoreline against storms.

Australia

\________ has five terrestrial biomes, which are defined by their major vegetation type.

Erosion

\________ is the wearing away of the earth by wind, water or ice.

Solar radiation

\________ from the sun is concentrated at the equator poles and dispersed at the poles.

Decomposer

\________- an organism that absorbs energy from dead tissue or waste products.

Pollution

\________- due to human uses are a major threat in aquatic and land- based ecosystems.

Individual organism

\________- the smallest biotic component of an environment.

Ecosystems

\________ are constantly changing and evolving in response to changes within the environment.

human interactions

Changes to climate, natural hazards and \________ are some of the factors which impact on population numbers.

Humans

\________ can negatively impact the environment through overpopulation, introduced species, exploitation, pollution, burning fossil fuel and deforestation.

carbon dioxide

When \________ is produced by the burning of fossil fuels, plants such as trees absorb \________ during respiration and release oxygen back into the atmosphere.

solar energy

Ecosystems are seen as systems through which incoming \________ is captured and channelled through a hierarchy of life forms.