Chapter 22 - Nationalism and Unification Movements

Napoleon III

Used popular forces to gain power, the people voted to restore the empire with him as emperor and he became Emperor Napoleon III. He controlled everything and the first few years of his reign were very successful, with economic prosperity with expanding railroads and transportation. He reconstructed Paris to be more modern and less susceptible to reform. however, opposition began to grow against him and he tried to appease them by making more reforms but that was undo by his failures in domestic policy: Mexico failure, Crimean war, and the Franco-Prussian War which was the death blow for Napoleon's regime.

Crimean War

The Ottoman empire was weakening and land was opening up, which potentially ruined the balance of power. Austria and Russia were conflicting over the Balkans and France and Britain wanted control in the Mediterranean. Russia wanted to protect Christian shines in Palestine but France already had the rights to do that and was angry. Ottomans declared war on Russia and England and France allied with them and Russia was left alone after Austria remained neutral.

Results of Crimean War

The Concert of Europe and Holy Alliance was ended, making Russia and Austria enemies. Russia and Britain withdrew from European affairs, the former being embarrassed about their army being crushed and the latter being bothered by how costly and messy the Crimean war was. These allowed an opening for Germany and Italy to unify. Photography was used for the first time as well as the telegraph and other more "modern" war things which led to the British army modernizing. Female nurses were also accepted

Florence Nightingale

A British nurse who saved lots of lives by insisting on sanitary conditions and making nursing acceptable for trained middle-class women. Dasha Sevatopolskaya was her Russian parallel.

Realpolitik

A politician who accomplishes their goals by Machiavellian practical means rather than idealist means, using strategy, manipulation, power politics, and armies to achieve foreign policy goals and continue conservatism. Most successful example is my king otto von Bismarck

Victor Emmanuel II

The king of Piedmont, leader of the unification movement and later became king of a United italy.

Camilo di Cavour

A moderate but liberal minded prime minister of Piedmont who pursued economic and transport expansion and using this growth to create a large army. Cavour convinced Garibaldi who was doing his thing in Southern Italy to unite and retire.

Piedmont

Allies with France to drive Austria out of Italy, but they were scammed by French who secretly negotiated for peace with Austria because they realized the war might be more costly than they thought. Piedmont was able to get Lombardy but not Venetia. The Northern Italian states voted to be admitted to an expanded Piedmont, which eventually united with Southern Italy.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

His red shirts wanted unity for Italy and invaded the Kingdom of Two Sicilies which was a Bourbon-French dynasty on the throne. He gets most of Sicily and goes to the mainland to head to Rome, wanting a democratic republic which Cavour did not want. Cavour wanted to put his king in charge and convinces Garibaldi to stop and sends his army to confront him in Naples. Since Garibaldi was such a patriot he retired to his farm to let Italy unite.

Italy unification

The Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed in 1861 as a constitutional monarchy under Victor Emanuel II. Austria is finally driven out of Venetia after the Austro-Prussian war where Prussia wins and Italy gets it as their ally and in the Franco-Prussian War France withdrew from Rome and Italy annexed it to be their new capital.

Zollverein

The customs union dominated by Prussia where all German states were members except for Austria. This was a sign of Prussia's grown power and people looked to them to unify Germany.

William I

Wanted to modernize the military to keep Prussia a proper power and increase the size of the army. however, the middle-class liberals in Parliament didn't want to do that because they thought it would make people liberal to the king and not to Prussia. He appointed otto von Bismarck as his Prime minister, even though he was an ultra conservative to get the job done.

Otto von Bismarck

He was a proud and loyal Junker who was stubborn and opinionated, ignoring the legislature to do whatever he wants. But he was also an opportunist and Realpolitik, strategically making sure that he would never get into a war he couldn't win. He ignored Parliament and passed his military rule anyway

Schelswig-Holstein and Denmark

Denmark wanted to have Schleswig-Holstein and the German nationalists living there were mad. Bismarck convinced Austria to join them in war and each of them takes either Schelswig or Holstein. Arguments break out, causing the Austro-Prussian War

Austria-Prussia War

Bismarck ensured Russian and French neutrality and promised Italy Venetia, then easily defeated Prussia. Austria was excluded from German affairs but Bismarck wasn't super harsh so they weren't hostile towards each other.

Acceptance of Bismarck

The Austro-Prussian War won people over to Bismarck's side showing that nationalism and an authoritarian government could be combined. The nationalism won the support of the liberals and prevented government reform, legalizing the taxes Bismarck collected. The Northern German Confederation was formed, controlled by Prussia, and the Southern German states signed a military agreement with the North but didn't want to force a unification.

Franco-Prussian War

France was worried about a unified Germany and sent a telegram to Wilhelm I who was offered the new Spanish throne. Bismarck edited the telegram to make it look extra insulting and published it, causing the French to declare war. The southern German states joined Prussia and the water ended quickly, after only a few months. The French had to pay money, their empire collapsed, and they had to give up Alsace-Lorraine.

Unification of Germany

German Empire was declared in 1871 in Versailles and Wilhelm I became the Kaiser of the Second German Empire. It basically merged into Prussia and was a triumph of authoritarian, militaristic values over liberalism and constitutional sentiments. It was the strongest power on the continent and the balance of power changed.

Ausgleich/Dual Monarch

Austria finally dealt with the ultra-nationalistic Hungarians by separating the country into two kingdoms, each with their own Constitution and Parliament. Francis Joseph was the ruler of both, having Parliament meet alternatively in Vienna and Budapest. However, minorities in Austria were still not happy (slavic groups like Czech) because that gave Hungarians the chance to oppress them.

Alexander II

Russia realized they needed to change something after the Crimean war and set off a series of changes in Russia. First, Alexander II freed the serfs, having the gentry and the serfs share the lands (however the land serfs were given wasn't very farmable). A court system was created with trials. However people were discontent because there was a lack of further reforms and terrorist organizations were founded after people resorted to violence. Alexander II was assassinated right after reducing the secret police force and allowing free press.

Queen Victoria

British Queen, under whose rule the British empire reached the height of its wealth and power and also stability because of it. Prime ministers are given more power and reforms such as doubling voters and education for all children are passed. There was a sense of duty and moral responsibility in this era.

Karl Marx

A Prussian who wrote the Communist Manifesto along with Friedrich Engels.

Marxism

A philosophy developed by Marx and written in the Communist Manifesto. History continuously has class struggles, eventually culminating in a classless society. History was determined by material forces, but eventually workers will rise up in revolution and overthrow the bourgeoisie, resulting in a classless society with no need for government and no private ownership.

Communism

A system of government based on marxist principles

Socialism

A broader umbrella that communism and Marxism fall under. Socialism encompasses diverse economic and social systems based on cooperative ownership instead of private ownership.

Mir

Village commune where the emancipated serfs lived and worked collectively in order to meet redemption payments to the government.

Zemstvos

Alexander III

Son of Alexander II who came to power after his father was assassinated. Said no more reforms and repressed everyone again by increased use of secret police, censorship, and exiles to Siberia.

1st International

The International Working Men's Association founded in London for trade unions and workers but were disrupted by internal conflicts from Marxists and anarchists. wanted political action and were eventually led by Karl Marx.

Charles Dickens

English writer whose novels depicted and criticized social injustice. Great Expectations? Oliver Twist?

Franz Lizst

the greatest pianist of romantic period

Richard Wagner

German composer of operas and inventor of the music drama in which drama and spectacle and music are fused