IB 20th Century - Unit 4 China: People's Republic of China

The 4 groups that Mao focused on eliminating

1. Imperialism (any foreigners)

2. Feudalism (landowners/landlords)

3. Bureaucratic capitalism (capitalists)

4. GMD (counter-revolutionary forces)

Agrarian Reform goals

- Redistribute all of the land in China to give to the peasants

- Develop agricultural production and pave the way for New China's industrialization

Struggle Meetings / Speak Bitterness

Part of the Rectification Campaign. Landlords and other bosses wore signs of all the things they did wrong and the peasants yell at them or sometimes beat them up

North Korea (DPRK)

"Democratic People's Republic of Korea"

- Determined to unify the peinsula as a communist country

- Pressed Stalin to agree to an invasion of the south in early 1949

South Korea (ROK)

Republic of Korea (Leader: Rhee)

- Had similar aspirations to North Korea (determined to unify Korea)

- Wanted the US to remain in Korea as protection against communist China and USSR

How was the USSR involved in the Korean War (1950-1953)?

At first, Stalin didn't agree with Norea Korea to invade the South because he wasn't sure about the US' position in Korea. But, he began to rethink after the USSR's first atomic bomb and communist China's success

How was the US involved in the Korean War (1950-1953)?

They were ambivalent; they wanted to "engineer" democracy and stability but feared Rhee's open hostility. Offered $150 million for economic assistance/education purposes

NSC 68

National Security Council memo #68. Argued for a large stockpile of weapons and expansion of forces. This argued that the Soviets were determined to expand in both Europe and Asia and that the US had to prepare

Pacific Perimeter Speech

A speech given by the US Secretary of State Dean Acheson in 1950. He explained at the US defense perimeter in Asia included Aleutian Islands in Alaska, Philippines, Japan, and Okinawa (no mentions of Korea).

- This, US' withdrawal from SKorea, & their weary support of Rhee influenced Stalin to support NKorea

How was the (Red/Mao's) China involved in the Korean War (1950-1953)?

Mao agreed that the country could only be united through military action, but because Stalin didn't want to engage directly with the US, he asked for the Chinese to send their forces to help NKorea.

- Mao didn't want to be involved because the PLA had been fighting for a long time and the CCP didn't want to mobilize them yet (plus money and resource concerns)

- Mao changed his mind because he wanted to prove their strength and assure a privileged position in the communist world. Also, Korea is too close to China (Mao's afraid with how close the UN forces got to China)

Good outcomes of the Korean War (1950-1953) for Mao

- Mao can get people to do anything he wanted by using propaganda, saying that it will "help against the war"

- Mao was able to use his popularity as a successful leader and fear of the US to continuously influence the Chinese people to do as he told

- Reputation of China globally and Mao personally increased

The Three Antis (1951)

The 3 antis imposed were: corruption, waste, and bureaucracy. Focused on party members (corruption) and government officials

The Five Antis (1952)

The 5 antis were: bribery, theft of state property, tax evasion, cheating on government contracts, and stealing state economic information. Focused on the businessmen.

Thought Reforms

Used in the 3 and 5 Anti movements. Employees denounced their bosses. These programs were used to eliminate "wrong thinking" in bosses.

Laogai

Means "reform through labor" and is a slogan of the Chinese criminal justice system; has been used to refer to the use of prison labor in the People's Republic of China.

Hukou

Residence permits (Government controls and keeps track of where you are)

Danwei

Work permits (keeps track of everyone and controls the type of work you do

Dangan

Secret personnel file

When did Mao have full control over China?

Oct. 1949 - when he announced China as People's Republic

OR

1954 After...

- Korean War popularity

- Landlords, GMD, and capitalists purged

- New Constitution officially made China a Communist country

100 Flowers Campaign (1956)

Targeted: Intellectuals

Mao says: "Letting a 100 flowers blossom and a 100 schools of thought contend is the policy for promoting progress... and a flourishing socialist culture."

The goal was to allow intellectuals to criticize arrogant and inflexible communist bureaucrats and anyone that violated Communist norms.

Who was ACTUALLY criticized:

- Individual members of the CCP

- their attitudes

- the poor standards of living, the economic system, the corruption

- Basically, the intellectuals criticized the Communist system itself

Anti-Rightist Campaign (1957)

Was created because of the 100 flowers campaign's failure.

Targets: "Rightists" or anybody who expressed some form of opposition/criticism to Mao.

Mao wanted to stop the criticism because he was shocked many people would criticize the CCP

- 700,000 intellectuals were thrown out of their positions/professions

- In every factory, 10% of workers HAD to be denounced as "rightists"

- All were sent to the countryside for reform

Effects of the 100 Flowers Campaign

- Mao silenced potential opponents

- Instilled fear amongst the educated classes who were not less willing to stand against Mao

- Mao prepared the ground for introducing the Great Leap Forward

- China's intelligentsia were decimated which set back China's cultural development

First Five Year Plan 1953-1957

Mao's goal:

1. Collectivize agriculture to support this new economy

2. Industrialize as rapidly as possible (double the amount of industrial output)

3. Complete a "socialist transformation" as quickly as possible

Mutual Aid teams (5 year plan)

Peasants trade tools for labour and help work on each other's land. They still individually own their things

Cooperatives (5 year plan)

After the Mutual Aid teams, peasants share land AND resources with each other

Great Leap Forward (1958-1962)

Also known as the Second Five Year Plan. Mao's goals:

- Peasants put forth more effort (increase agriculture with less capital investment)

- Massive increase in steel production (backyard furnaces were used to increase this)

- Large-scale People's Communes to get closer to a socialist state (develop Communist attitudes)

- Show Soviets China can be more successful

The Great Famine

Production was so low, so everyone was MAO-nourished. Communal farm can keep 10,000 bushels of wheat to feed everyone. Everything else goes to the state. If you report an exaggerated number of bushels, that amount would still go to the state, leaving you with less bushels to cook food with

4 Pests Campaign

A hygiene campaign that was used to exterminate rats, flies, mosquitoes, and sparrows

Lushan Conference (1959)

Peng explained what he saw in the countryside and complained about the shortcomings of the Great Leap Forward. He also sent a private letter to Mao, who distributed it and made it seem like Peng had personally attacked Mao. Peng then threatened to lead a revolution with the peasants or find the Red Army.

(It shows the division starting to happen in the CCP)

Wuhan Conference

Mao stepped down as State Chairman of the PRC in 1959, predicting he would take most of the blame for the failure of the Great Leap Forward.

Liu Shaoqi

Took over Head of the state (1959-1968) after the Wuhan Conference. Thinks workers are more important than peasants. Mao said he was leading China down the "bourgeois road"

Deng Xiaoping

A Long March veteran and becomes Party secretary after the Wuhan Conference

What changes did Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping do?

- More education and technical expertise

- Bourgeois methods

- Private enterprise was permitted and private plots of land were allowed

- Family life was restored

- Economic incentives for hard work began

Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) goals

Mao wants to restore socialism by cleansing the state, the party, and society of bourgeois and reactionary elements

Gang of Four

Included Lin Biao, Jiang Qing, and 2 other guys. Helped Mao during the Cultural Revolution

Lin Biao (Cultural Revolution involvment)

Leader of the PLA, part of the Gang of 4

- Helped Mao start the Cultural Revolution

- Compiled the Little Red Book

- Made army a propaganda machine

- Took over public security

Jiang Qing

Mao's wife and part of the Gang of 4

- Mao appointed her to oversee the destruction of 'revisionist, capitalist, and feudalist' influences in China

- She censored everything

The Little Red Book

A book full of Mao quotations. Also had pictures of him... It was the only acceptable guidelines since it was a collection of Mao's thoughts

Red Guards

In short: the students and younger generation!

A mass, student-led, paramilitary social movement. Made sure Mao's ideas were carried

Krhushchev's "Secret Speech" (1956)

He criticized Stalin and later that year Mao saw this as an attack on his own style, so he also criticized the USSR

Peaceful Co-existence (1957)

Stated at a conference of communist parties. Mao saw it as "ideological heresy as he heavily believed in an armed struggle to complete a revolution

What did China want to do with Taiwan?

Mao says liberation of Taiwan and unification of China is necessary to complete the revolution. But, the US states it would protect Taiwan from aggression.

President Nixon (1969-1974)

- Allowed grain exports to China

- Realized the US could not fight communist everywhere

- Visited China in 1972 and signed a Friendship Treaty with China. Established a friendly relationship with China