Chemistry - Bases/Alkalis, Acids, Making Salts, Solubility

What are bases?

Bases are substances that neutralize acids by combining with the hydrogen ions in them.

Any substance with greater pH of 7

Proton Acceptor

A base dissolves in water to form a solution with which ions?

OH- (Hydroxide) ions

Which alkali does not have hydroxide ion?

Ammonia

What are the types of alkali?

• Group 1 hydroxides

• Ammonia

• Soluble metal carbonates

• Metal oxides

What is an acid?

Any substance that has a pH of less than 7

Which ion does an acid release in water and what subatomic particle does it donate?

Hydrogen ions (Makes the solution acidic)

Considered a proton donor.

Which is the most common acid?

HCL, hydrochloric acid

How does a neutralisation reaction work?

Combining an acid and a base, produces a salt and water

The product’s pH should be 7

What is the equation for neutralisation involving an acid and a metal oxide or metal hydroxide?

Acid + Metal Oxide → Salt + Water

Acid + Metal Hydroxide → Salt + Water

(Take the negative ion from acid and combine it with the positive ion from the base to form a salt and water)

What is the equation for neutralisation involving an acid and a metal carbonate?

Acid + Metal Carbonate → Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide

What are the properties of the soluble metal carbonates?

Most aren’t soluble but sodium and potassium carbonates are. 

Weakly alkaline (doesn’t all react with water)

What is the ammonia reaction like?

The ammonia base (NH3) form the salt ammonium (NH4+)

What is solubility?

How willing a solute is to dissolve

What are soluble substances?

Substances which can dissolve in certain solvents.

What are insoluble substances?

Substances which cannot dissolve in certain solvents.

What is precipitation?

the formation of an insoluble solid (a precipitate) when two soluble salt solutions are mixed

What is the equation for precipiation?

Soluable Salt A (aq) + Soluble Salt B (aq) → Insoluble Salt C (s) + Soluble Salt D (aq)

Which substances are soluble?

All common sodium, potassium and ammonium salts. 

All Nitrates

Most common chloride

Most Common sulfates

Carbonates: Sodium Carbonate, potassium carbonate, ammonium carbonate

Hydroxides: Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide

Which substances are insoluble?

Chlorides: Silver chloride, lead chloride

Sulfates: Lead sulfate, barium sulfate, Calcium sulfate

Most common carbonates.

Most common hydroxides.