unit 2- Early Modern Era Political Transformations

Where did the Spanish focus their “empire-building” efforts? 

Central and South America

Where did the Portuguese focus their “empire-building” efforts? 

Brazil and parts of Africa and east Asia

How was proximity a factor in the European expansion into the Americas?

They were closer than potential rivals, Chinese stopped exploring and would have to cross the Atlantic, steady trade winds allowed sailing ships to cross the Atlantic predictably in both directions

What technological innovations allowed Europeans to cross the oceans?

Improved maps, ability to use sextants and astrolabes to determine latitude, and better ships/ better sails that could withstand the long voyages

What four primary motivations prompted Europeans to explore the new world: fear

constant competition of nearby nations states

What four primary motivations prompted Europeans to explore the new world: greed

were aware of the riches existing in the east (the indies) and wanted in on the action

What four primary motivations prompted Europeans to explore the new world: religion

catholic missionaries were under orders to convert as many new people as possible

What four primary motivations prompted Europeans to explore the new world: personal achievement

renaissance had reawakened desire for individual frame led to quest for historical glory

What weapons technology allowed the Spanish to conquer such large empires with relatively few soldiers?

Steel weapons and armor, horses (natives had never seen anything like them), gunpowder weapons

How did the Spanish use diplomacy to assist them in their efforts at conquest?

Quickly realizes that native people were composed of rival tribes and social classes; used these divisions to recruit allies

In simplest terms, what was the “Great Dying?” 

The decimation of the native populations.

what caused the great dying

the Europeans came to the Americas and introduced new disease to the Native Americans. (the Columbian exchange)

What diseases were a part of the “Great Dying?”

small pox, measles, typhus, influenza, malaria, and yellow fever

What role did the “Great Dying” have in assisting the conquests of the European nations?

Cleared out large armies/ population that would have resisted

What was the Little Ice Age?

Period of global cooling from 1300-1850.

Define the Columbian Exchange.

Interaction of the Europeans and native Americans began a process of transfer of biological organisms that would be forever change the planet

Which society would be more impacted by the transfer of food items/agriculture?

Europe

Which society would be more impacted by the transfer of animals/livestock

Americas

What luxury items were introduced to Europe through the Exchange?

Tobacco and chocolate

Why can the Columbian Exchange be called a “return to Pangaea?”

The arrival of Europeans in the Americas shattered the isolation and lead to the collision of ecosystems that was unprecedented. It returned us to a single ecosystems

What was the economic philosophy of “mercantilism?”

was an economic philosophy that was the common sense positioned European countries for a long time. Provided the basic rationale for their approach to colonies and overall foreign policy

What is “bullion” and how was it related to mercantilism?

Bullion is a term for gold and silver and a nations wealth and power came through and should be measured the accumulation of bullion

How did colonial possessions add to a nation’s wealth and power?

It provided a captive market for goods made in the “mother country” and provided a source of raw materials at low costs to supply the manufacturing industries

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas and how did it impact colonization of the Americas?

The people gave proposed, and empires agreed gave the western hemisphere to Spain and eastern hemisphere to Portugal. Portugal thought they won because they didn’t know what was in the Americas.

Why was the Treat of Tordesillas negotiated by the Pope?

He didn’t like the idea of two powerful catholic nations killing each other

Why was Spain the “winner” in the Treaty of Tordesillas?

Claimed colonized areas that were well populated, wealthy (in gold and sliver), claimed territory from southern u.s. to the tip of southern America

What were the three regional divisions of Spanish America?

New spain, new granads, rio de la plata

What were the elements of the Encomienda System?

Spanish monarchy gave settlers land and rights to use native labors settlers had to protect the natives and convert them to Christianity basically became a slave    system

Who were peninsulares?

Settlers born in Spain who were the upper crust  

Who were creoles?

Spanish setters born in the Americas who were middle class

Who were mestizos?

Children of Spanish men and Indian women

What was the largest sugar-producing colony in the Americas? 

brazil

What European nation owned brazil?

Portugal

Why did Portuguese sugar plantation owners turn to African slave labor?

The native American population was almost all dead from disease and mistreatment or fled into the interior of the jungles

Approximately what percentage of African slaves transported across the Atlantic came to the sugar colonies?

80%

Why did northern colonies of North America not develop commercial/plantation agriculture?

Climate wasn’t suitable

Why did the northern colonies of North America place such an emphasis on education / literacy?

They wanted everyone to be able to read the bible, so they lead to greater emphasis on general education

What European empire sent missionaries to convert the Principality of Kiev to Christianity?

The Byzantine empire

What central Asian power was raiding and taking over Russian territories in the mid-13^th Century? The

the Mongols

What are three distinct ways that the empires of Asia were different from the empires of Europe at this time?

Regional in scale rather than global (grew by overwhelming nearby areas not crossing oceans), nowhere near the devastating impact on conquered peoples, did not have as much impact on the ruling/ mother country economically

What dynasty led the expansion of China during this time period?

Qing

Where did the Qing dynasty leaders come from?

Manchura an area brought under Chinese control

How did this fact make them “outsiders” in a way?

They were a nomadic group who had assimilated into Chinese culture

What group of nomads descended from the Mongols were exterminated by the Qing?

Dzungars

With what empire did China negotiate the Treaty of Nerchinsk?

russia

How did the Chinese administer their holdings in their empire?

Used local leaders to maintain control- called indirect imperialism

How did the expansion of China and Russia lead to the death of the Silk Road trading route?

The relatively open spaces of central Asia had allowed for overland trade between china and western Europe during the Mongol era, but not any longer

From where did the Mughals originate?

 Central asia

What cultural/ethnic heritage did they claim?

Islamic religion, Turkic in culture, claimed descent from Genghis Khan (viewed themselves as conqueror expansion of empire to India was gradual

Where did they expand their empire into?

 India

What major world religion did the Mughals interact with in their holdings in India?

Hinduism

Describe how Emperor Akbar accommodated the interaction between Islam and Hinduism

He didn’t dress like your typical Muslim. Married a Hindu princesses for conquered states but didn’t require them to convert to Islam. Brought Hindus into the Mughal gov. helped pay for the building of Hindu temples encourages more rights and respect for women.

For what purpose did Akbar build his “House of Worship?”

hosted meeting with scholars of all the religions of the area

Who was the Islamic cleric who opposed the accommodations of Akbar?

Sirhindi

How did Emperor Aurangzeb roll back much of what Akbar had put into place?

Mounted an aggressive anti-Hindu campaign, music and dancing were banned at the royal court, gambling drinking prostitution and narcotics were outlawed in the empire. Destroyed Hindu temples and put a discriminatory tax on non-Muslims

What was the political result of Aurangzeb’s actions?

Led to rebellions which weakened the Mughals enough for England to come in and take control of much of India during the late 1700s

How was the Ottoman empire similar to the Mughals in the way they treated their conquered peoples?

Held progressive views toward women (could have property, had legal rights in ottoman courts), gave relative freedom to other religious groups (allowed Christian practices some were even in the gov. Jewish people were allowed after being forced out of Europe)

What areas of the world did the Ottoman Empire control at its height?

The middle east, most of north Africa, more of modern Iraq, Greece and Balkans in Europe

What city was captured in 1453 and renamed Istanbul?

Constantinople

What was the “devshirme?”

practice of taking hostages from Christian lands and raising them as Ottomans. Did this to thousands of young boys  

What were the two commonly held opinions of Spanish political and religious leaders concerning the inhabitants of the Indies?

Some the people were innocent trusting lambs, with souls that would be receptive to the Christian message, but to others they were vicious beasts who practiced cannibalism human sacrifice and worship Satan. To all they were clearly inferior to the Spanish who had conquered them.

What was the English attitude toward the natives they found in North America?

They were eager to convert and “civilize” the natives, whom they considered at best inferior, at worst barbaric, and little better than the beasts.

How did sugar "make its way" to Europe?

From India via Muslim trading routes

Why did Brazil becoming a Portuguese colony lead to the use of slaves in South America?

It led to the establishment of sugar plantations because the rout to deposit and resell the sugar was shorter than from Sao Tome in Africa. The Native Indians in Brazil proved to be poor laborers so they were replaces by African slaves.

What was the goal of mercantilist policies in Western Europe?  

To achieve a “favorable” balance of trade that would bring gold and silver into the country and also to maintain domestic employment

How did the need for "hard currency" (gold/silver) relate to the development of full-time, professional armies?

The primary economic objective was to command a sufficient quantity of hard currency to support a military that would deter attacks by other countries and aid its own territorial expansion

Who was the French Finance Minister under Louis XIV?

Jean-Baptist Colbert

Who did France and England direct their navigation policies against and why?  

Against the Dutch, who dominated commercial marine activity in the 16^th and 17^th centuries.

Who were the Dzungar people?

Confederation of several Tibetan Buddhist Oirat tribes that emerged suddenly in the early 17^th century

How many Dzungar were killed during the Qing genocide?

500,000-800,000

What happened to Dzungar men and women who weren't killed outright?

They died from disease

what is 1. on the map

new spain

what is 2. on the map

cuba

what is 3. on the map

new granada

what is 4. on the map

rio de la plata

what is 5 on the map

cuzco

what is 6. on the map

brazil

what is 7. on the map

moscow

what is 8. on the map

St. Petersburg

what is 9. on the map

the Ural Mountains

what is 10. on the map

nerchinsk

what is 11. on the map

Anatolia

what is 12. on the map

Egypt

what is 13. on the map

mecca

what is 14. on the map

greece

what is 15. on the map

black sea

What major native American empires existed in the Americas at the time of European arrival?

Aztec and Incan

What was uniquely distinctive about the empires founded by European nations in the Americas?

not made up of lands close to their main state

why did Portugal only establish a colony in brazil

The sea route from Brazil to the Dutch ports where the sugar would be deposited and then resold, was actually shorter than form Sao Tome in Africa

how did the little ice age impact the colonization of the Americas

- Sparked the "General Crisis" in the mid-1600s
-China, Europe, and North America experienced extremely cold winters during this time
-Led to other weather disasters which in turn led to further social disasters

What is meant by the statement that the Columbian Exchange led to the largest forced human migration in history?

· Much of our world today is a direct result of this collision
· The Colombian Exchange, in effect, returned us to a single ecosystem

How was the Hacienda System similar / different from the Encomienda System?

Estate owners would "employ" native workers
· Low wages, high taxes, and debts for "rent" to the landowners just made this a new form of slavery
· Workers were known as "peons"

In what ways were the Russian people different from their European neighbors in western Europe?  

· Use of the Cyrillic alphabet, the revering of icons, and Byzantine styles of architecture

How did the Principality of Muscovy rise to prominence during the era of Mongol control?

what kingdom to Russia’s west, blocked their expansion in that direction for a long time?

Poland-Lithuania

what condition did Ivan the Terrible (Ivan IV) leave the Russian state in following his death

A period of anarchy, known as the Times of Troubles

who was chosen to become czar (tsar) following the “time of troubles”

Michael Romanov

what was the name of the region that Russia expanded into for the fur trade

Siberia

What was the name of the treaty that established the border between the Russian empire and China?

Treaty of Nerchinsk

What were Peter the Great’s goals for Russia?