Developmental psychology uark exam 3 alwood

ADHD relates to circadian rhythms/sleep cycle by

- they both have symilar symptoms, like inattention and reduced preformance

- they both deal with sleep disruptions

Up to ____ percent of people with ADHD have sleep problems

75

____ pediatricians self report that they know enough knowledge on the subject

1/5

Fine motor skills

motor skills that involve more finely tuned movements, such as finger dexterity

Prerepresentational drawing is, and happens because

Scribbles and patterns, bc they lack fine motor control

Representational drawing is

A drawing of objects, people or places that looks very much like what one sees.

How does social interaction affect physical development

By kids not interacting as much they could have more stress leading to psychosocial dwarfism

psychosocial dwarfism

Characterized by less GH and melatonin being released

Short stature and immature skeleton

Adjustment problems

Gender differences in motor development

boys ahead of girls in force and power; girls ahead in fine motor and gross motor skills which involve good balance bc of social roles

When do gender differences become apparent?

kindergarden

What is the role of hereditary in motor development

The genetics of the pituitary glad plays a big factor in releasing GH, and TSH

how are motor skills best aquired

through play, and normal things like pouring drinks and dressing themsleves

What type of bodies move more quickly and acquire skills faster

Taller more muscular bodies

formal lessons have

Little impact on development

What improvements to gross and fine motor development take place during preschool

Gross is from rigid to fluid and more flexible

Fine is large items to small ones with great acuity

The development in motor results from

Experience, motivation and biological endowment

Nightmare

A bad dream that can be remembered

Night terror

Extreme fear and thrashing, cannot remember

how are good nutrition habits developed

Offer a varied, healthy diet

Predictable meals

Small portions

Offer new foods repeatedly and patiently

No food is a reward

Appetite during preschool is

Unpredictable and declines with slowed growth

Familiar foods

Depends on environment

Poverty and Nutrition

Lacks high quality foods to support growth

Emotional climate effects nutrition by

Negative parental control lessens development of self control, leading to overeating

How is sleep important

It leads to GH being released

Better cognitive performance

Affects parents sleep

when do children loose their teeth

early childhood

Teeth care for baby teeth

Brush them, decay of baby teeth can ruin adult teeth,

Does second hand smoke cause tooth decay

Yes

Understanding death stages

Universality

Permanency

Non-functionality

understanding death comes around what age

7

dual representation

viewing a symbolic object as both an object in its own right and a symbol

Egocentrism is, and leads to

The inability to see through another's eyes, leads to lack of accommodation

Centration

The tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects.

Animism

Inanimate objects have human characteristics due to egocentrism

Conservation

Characteristics remain the same although outward appearance changes

Reversability

the ability to mentally reverse an operation

ex. a kid can refill a ball with air after it has deflated

Symbolic thought

Ability to think by making objects stand for another

Ex. pretend play

semantic bootstrapping

relying on word meanings to figure out grammatical rules

ex. action words vacate a verb and names indicate a noun

Overgeneralization

applying grammar rules in areas they don't apply ("I writed a story"; goed; comed)

Semantics

Meaning of words and sentences

Syntax

Sentence structure

Telegraphic speech

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.

LAD

language acquisition device, we have an innate disposition to learn language linked to bootstrapping

ASL

American Sign Language, used by hearing impaired

How and when do preschoolers actually use magical thinking

They use it for things they do not understand, as early as infants, linking human purposes to physical events

intersubjectivity, what and when does it start

Process two participants arrive at a shared understanding of a task, Starts at 3-5

What is the importance of make believe play

Leads to better social competence

Strengthens cognitive abilities

Imaginary companions enhance this

Sociodramatic play

Play with others by year 2

Dramatic play

Playing by themselves

Pragmatics

Practical uses of words

Private speech/egocentric speech is

Piagets term for children self directed speech,

Recasting is the

Reconstruction of incorrect speech into correct grammar

ex. mommy home, mother says yes mommy is home

Expansion is

Elaboration of children's speech, increasing its complexity, using bigger words

Scaffolding in ZPD vs guided participation and how they differ

Adjusting support offered during a lesson to fit a current level of performance

And

Shared endeavors btw two more or less expert participants

Theory of minds effect on development

It leads to the ability to recognize those mental states of others and how they differ from our own

Word learning, what processes are utilized and occur

Fast mapping= connecting new words with concepts after a brief encounter

Mutual exclusivity bias= words don't overlap

Syntactic bootstrapping

Overt agression

Harming others physically or threats to do so

Relational agression

Actions to harm others peer relationships

Sources of aggression

Individual differences

Family atmosphere and discipline

Social information processing deficits

Media influences

proactive aggression vs reactive aggression

Proactive is with a purpose beyond harming the victim

Reactive is just bodily harm

How do we regulate a child's tv/ computer use

Limit it

Avoid technology as a reward

Watch tv and online content with kids

Link to learning

Model good practice

What startling facts about children's shows should parents be concerned about

Cartoons are the most violent forms of media

Negative effects of tv and online

Violent content link with aggression and stereotypes

Child abuse in the us/ policies / legal system

Kids are not removed from bad homes bc society sees them as property

Social policy efforts

Family counseling and psychotherapy

Social policy efforts include

Education of families for parenthood programs, elimination of corporal punishment, and a bill of rights for children

Permissive parents

Low control and discipline, high level of warmth. Have kids who are irresponsible and susceptible to peer pressure

Authoritarian parents

High discipline low warmth

Leads to dependent children, low self esteem

authoritative parents

High control and warmth

Leads to responsible kids with emotional reg

Neglectful parents

Low control and warmth

Leads to little self control, high drug use

Sibling Interactions aid in

Social interactions

Only children are disadvantaged by

Not having any siblings, they are seen as spoilt

Erikson: Initiative vs. Guilt

3-6 years, initiative is when they are eager to try new things, and acting out family scenes

guilt is when the superego is very strict, leading to excessive threats and criticism

Social convention

social rules that dictate what is appropriate and expected

moral imperatives

a strongly-felt principle that compels that person to act

Personal choice

voluntary decision

Preschoolers gain in

Emotional competence

Parents promote Emotional understanding by

Labeling emotions

Expressing warmth and enthusiasm

Engaging in elaborate discussions about causes of emotion

emotional self-regulation, what helps improve this abiliry

Language

Parents help self control by

Modeling good control

Empathy vs. Sympathy

In empathy, we understand the feelings of others.

In sympathy, we feel the feelings of others.

Evolution of friendship

Younger children fantasy role play, older children focus on real tasks

Conceptions of Friendships

Making and keeping friends leads to better social skills and adjustment

Boys aggression is more _____, while girls is more _____

Physical, indirect

Who is more stereotyped

Boys

Boys toys are

Violent, competitive and dangerous

Girls toys are

Nurturing and attractive

How do parents respond to different genders

Girls they are more nurturing and gentle

Boys they are less gentle and more physical with them

How to avoid gender themes

Less tv and social media for kids

Model non traditional gender roles

Point out exceptions

gender identity

an image of oneself as relatively masculine or feminine in characteristics

Androgyny

displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics

How does morality develop?

Models in early years being external

Later on an internal pro social rules are in place

inductive discipline

a discipline strategy in which parents explain to children why a punished behavior is wrong

MINE, what does it mean to a child

It means that that thing is mine and no one else's, kid will get angry if taken away

what is the role of empathy/sympathy and stress and responding to others

inductive reasoning gives them these two things and allows them to use prosocial behaviors

how do abused children respond to empathy

by getting angry at it

Self-concept development

by the end of the first year, infants will be able to distinguish themselves as being separate from their parents

self esteem development

judgement we make about ourselves, happens around age four

social play leads to

influences helpful and hurtful social behaviors, pro social behaviors

unoccupied play

play that seems random and without purpose

solitary play

a child plays alone, unaware of any other children playing nearby

onlooker play

a child watches other children play

parallel play

activity in which children play side by side without interacting