AP Statistics Exam Review Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards to review key concepts and formulas for the AP Statistics Exam.

Be Specific (B.S.)

Include numbers where possible and refer back to the context of the problem.

CUSS (Describing/Comparing Distributions)

C: Center, U: Unusual features, S: Spread, S: Shape

BITS (Binomial Distribution)

B: Binary, I: Independent trials, N: Number of trials is fixed, S: Success probability stays the same

Interquartile Range (IQR)

Q3 - Q1

Left Outlier

Q1 - 1.5 * IQR

Right Outlier

Q3 + 1.5 * IQR

Z-score Formula

(value - mean) / standard deviation

Combining Means (Random Variables)

μ(x ± y) = μx ± μy

Combining Standard Deviations (Random Variables)

σ(x ± y) = √(σx^2 + σy^2)

Transforming the Mean (Random Variables)

μ(a + bx) = a + bμx

Transforming the Standard Deviation (Random Variables)

σ(a + bx) = |b|σx

Conditional Probability

P(A|B) = P(A ∩ B) / P(B)

Degrees of Freedom

n - 1

PDF

Probability of one specific number; P(X=x)

CDF

Probability of a range of numbers; uses inequalities; P(X>x)

How to check if events are independent

Check if P(A) = P(A|B); if they are equal, they are independent

A and B are independent events

P(A ∩ B) = P(A) * P(B)

The Power of a Test

Is the probability that the test will reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is false

LSRL (Least Squares Regression Line)

ŷ = mx + b = a + bx

Sampling Method: Simple Random Sampling (SRS)

One chooses the sample so that each unit (and every set of units) has an equal chance of being selected

Sampling Method: Stratified (Random)

Divide the population into groups based on a similar characteristic, then use an SRS to choose from EACH group

Sampling Method: Cluster

Divide the population into groups (usually by location), randomly select a group and sample everything in THAT group

Sampling Method: Systematic

Use a system (every nth number) after choosing randomly where to begin

Observational Study

Treatment IS NOT randomly assigned

Experiment

Treatment IS randomly assigned

Blocking

Reduces variation; subjects are grouped based on a characteristic, then treatments are randomly assigned within the groups