UNIT 5 REVIEW

Motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Instincts

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

Instinct Theory

classify all sorts of behaviors as instincts, failed to explain most human motives

Evolutionary Psychology

psychology that genes predispose species typical behavior

Drive Reduction Theory

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Homeostasis

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Incentives

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Optimum Arousal Theory

some motivated behaviors actually increase arousal

Yerkes Dodson Law

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Achievement Motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of things, people, or ideas; and for attaining a high standard

Approach Approach Conflict

conflicts in which you must decide between desirable options

Avoidance Avoidance Conflict

conflicts in which you must decide between undesirable options.

Approach Avoidance Conflict

conflicts in which you must decide between options with both desirable and undesirable features

Multiple Approach Avoidance Conflict

must choose between two or more things that have both attractive and undesirable outcomes

Glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues; when its level is low we feel hunger

Hypothalamus

respond to our current blood chemistry, monitoring levels of appetite hormones

Lateral Hypothalamus

gives you desire to eat (LH\= Large Hunger)

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

gives you feeling of satiety (full) (VMH \= Very Minute Hunger)

Insulin

hormone secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose

Ghrelin

hormone secreted by empty stomach; sends “I’m hungry” signals to the brain.

Orexin

hunger triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus.

Leptin

protein hormone secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger.

PYY

digestive tract hormone; sends “I’m not hungry” signals to the brain.

Set Point Theory

the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight

Basal Metabolic Rate

the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure

James Lange Theory

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion arousing stimuli

Cannon Bard Theory

the theory that an emotion arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

Schachter Singer Two Factor Theory

theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal

Lazarus Theory

cognitive appraisal, it is dangerous or not?

Zajonc LeDoux Theory

some embodied responses happen instantly, without conscious appraisal.

Sigmund Freud

some patients had problems without physical cause, created Free Association (say whatever comes to mind)

Freudian Slips

reflect things people would like to say (Please do not give me any large bills, because I

cannot swallow them)

Psychoanalysis

find ways into their unconscious

Free Association

say whatever comes to mind

Dream Analysis

reveal nature of person’s inner conflict, release tension

Conscious Mind

thoughts and feelings we are aware of

Preconscious Mind

holds info retrievable into conscious awareness

Unconscious Mind

region of mind holding mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories

Id

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

Ego

the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

Superego

represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

Defense Mechanisms

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Repression

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

Regression

retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

Denial

refusing to believe or perceive painful realities

Rationalization

replaces real, anxiety provoking explanations and replaces them with more comforting justifications for actions

Reaction Formation

reverses an unacceptable impulse, causing anxious person to express the opposite of the anxiety provoking unconscious feeling

Projection

disguises threatening feelings of guilty anxiety by attributing the problem to others

Displacement

shifts an unacceptable impulse toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or

person

Sublimation

socially unacceptable impulses are transformed into socially acceptable actions or behavior

Psychosexual Stages of Development

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

Oral Stage

first 18 months of life, pleasure comes from chewing, biting, and sucking, ​​Could cause oral fixation later in life (overeating, chewing on pens, smoking)

Anal Stage

18 months to 3 years of age, gratification comes from bowel and bladder function

Phallic Stage

age 3 to age 6, pleasure zone shifts to genitals

Latency Stage

6 years of age to puberty, children repress their feelings for rival parent, start gender identification process

Genital Stage

puberty, person begins experiencing sexual feelings towards peers

Oedipus Complex

boys feel love for mothers and hatred, fear, and jealousy for fathers

Neo Freudians

accepted some of Freud’s ideas, but placed more emphasis on the conscious mind’s role in interpreting experience and in coping with the environment, and emphasize loftier motives and social interactions vs sex/aggression

Carl Jung

believed we also have a collective unconscious, a common reservoir of images, or archetypes, derived from our species’ universal experiences

Alfred Adler

believed that individuals possess innate positive motives and strive towards personal and social perfection

Karen Horney

stated that personality is molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, neurotic trends; concept of "basic anxiety", also said that men exhibit womb envy

Projective Tests

a personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics

Thematic Apperception Test

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Rorschach Inkblot Test

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

Humanistic Perspective on Personality

Studies healthy people, focuses on conscious experiences, individual’s freedom to choose, individual’s capacity for personal growth

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

designed by Abraham Maslow, we must satisfy our most basic needs before we can worry about satisfying more sophisticated needs

Abraham Maslow

created hierarchy of needs

Physiological Needs

need to satisfy hunger, thirst etc

Safety Needs

need to feel that the world is organized/predictable

Love & Belongingness Needs

need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted

Esteem Needs

need for self esteem, achievement, competence, independence, respect

Self Actualization

need to live up to full and unique potential

Self Actualized People

Self aware and self accepting, loving and caring, not paralyzed by others’ opinions, interests \= problem centered, not self centered, focused on a particular task they often see as a mission

Carl Rogers

came up with self concept

Self Concept

set of perceptions and beliefs that you have about yourself

Positive Self Concept

We tend to act and perceive the world positively.

Negative Self Concept

We feel dissatisfied and unhappy if, in our own eyes, we fall far short of our ideal self.

Unconditional Positive Regard

Loved and valued even if child doesn’t conform to the standards and expectations of others, parents can disapprove of a child’s specific behavior without completely rejecting the child

Assessing Self from Humanistic Perspective

Describe ideal self vs. actual self, when these are similar self concept is positive, therapy should center around making them similar

Trait

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self report inventories and peer reports

Myers Briggs Type Indicator

program for counseling, determines if you are a thinking or a feeling (sympathetic, appreciative, & tactful) or thinking type (prefer objective standard of truth & good at analyzing)

Gordon Allport

believed individual personalities are unique, identified 18,000 kinds of traits to describe people

Hans Eysenck

believed that we can reduce many of our normal individual variations to two or three dimensions, including extraversion–introversion and emotional stability–instability; used factor analysis and believed traits were inherited

Personality Inventories

a questionnaire (often with true/false or agree/disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits

MMPI 2

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

The Big Five

currently our best approximation of the basic trait dimensions

Conscientiousness

impulsive, disorganized vs. disciplined, careful

Agreeableness

suspicious, uncooperative vs. trusting, helpful

Neuroticism

calm, confident vs. anxious, pessimistic

Openness

prefers routine, practical vs. imaginative, spontaneous

Extraversion

reserved, thoughtful vs. sociable, fun loving

Social

Cognitive Perspective

Behavioral Approach

in personality theory, this perspective focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development

Reciprocal Determinism

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

Spotlight Effect

overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on

Self Esteem

one’s feelings of high or low self worth

Self Efficacy

one’s sense of competence and effectiveness

Self Serving Bias

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably