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History exam 3: 1920s america the Roaring twenties: Prosperity, culture, change, and contradiction (1920s-1929) Nicknamed: Roaring twenties/ jazz age Post ww1 boom after war and flu pandemic recovery Shift: Rural tradition to urban modern consumer society Key themes: optimism, excess, hidden cracks Republican dominance “Return to normalcy” President: Harding (1921-23, scandals) Coolidge (1923-29, pro- business) Hoover (1929, crash) Laissez fair: low taxes, limited regulation Isolationism: rejected league of nations “ Age of prosperity”: rising wages, low unemployment (for many) Mass production: Assembly line, electricity, consumer goods Key industries: Autos, radio, appliances Rise of credit and advertising - mass consumption Uneven: Farmers struggled Automobile explosion: Model T - suburbs, roads Aviation milestone: Lindbergh’s 1927 solo Atlantic flight Radio: national culture and entertainment Household tech: Refrigerators, vacuums 19th amendment (1920): women vote Flappers: Short hair/ skirts, smoking, dancing, independence More women working, challenge norms New freedom in dating and social life Jazz age: Born in New Orleans Louis armstrong, duke ellington Hollywood boom: silent films- talkies (1927) Sports heroes: Babe ruth, Jack dempsy Dances And fads: Charleston, dance marathons Great migration: Black to northern cities Harlem explosion: Art literature, music Key figures: WRiter and poet langston hughes, writer zora neale hurston, jazz duke ellington Celebration of black identity 18th amendment (1919-33) banned alcohol Results: Speakeasies, bootlegging, organized crime Gangster: AL Capone and rise of mafia Widespread hypocrisy and corruption Roaring twenties: KKK resurgence: anti- immigrants black catholic Nativism: 1924 immigration quotas- new law restricting immigrants - target eastern and southern europeans Radical violence: Tulsa massacre (1921) Scope trial (1925): evolution vs religion Stock market Bull market Stock prices steadily climbed throughout the 1920s Margin buying Middle class investing Economy roaring Frantic buying in 1920s Stock prices separate from the value of company Economy begins to weaken Before the stock crash when did the American economy begin to cool off? 1928 According to a top investor when a shoe shine boy is giving stock picks its time to do what? Sell out When do most stock market crashes occur? september/ october In the worst single day how much did the stock market lose in value? 14 billion Who was worse in the short run? Small investor Stock prices begin to fall in september1929 Crash in october 1929 Black tuesday october 29,1929 Great depression Unemployment skyrockets Thousands of banks collapsed Individual; saving gone Cause; Abundance ‘Great glut” too much production Overexpansion of credit High tariff- trade dried up Effects High employment Homes and farms lost to foreclosure Homelessness and hunger Bread and soup lines “Hoovervilles” Makeshift towns of homeless people Hoover and depression What happened to local government and local charities relief efforts? They were overwhelmed Hoover reluctant to use federal government Reconstruction Finance corporation Government loans to big business and some state governments Hoover In 1924 congress voted a bonus payment to world war 1 veterans To be paid in 1945 Bonus army In 1932 around 20,000 veterans converge on WAshington during the depression Camped out and demand full bonus immediately Vote failed in congress Hoover ordered removal of those who refused to leave Bloody confrontation- hoover hurt politically in election year Election of 1932 Herbert hoover (r.) Franklin roosevelt (d) Roosevelt offers new deal Roosevelt wins in landslide Lame duck period between election and inauguration economy worsened Banking catastrophe loomed Roosevelt and the new deal “ only thing we have to fear is fear itself’ First hundred days Intense burst of legislation New deal ‘ Three R- relief, recovery, reform Fireside chats Emergency banking act 1933 Aimed to restore public confidence Banks shut down for a weeklong bank holiday Only solvent bank reopen Firesides chats Regular radio broadcast by Roosevelt Roosevelt's way of going directly to the public Built support for new deal legislation New deal Banking crisis dealt with first Bank examiners determined bank health Glass steagall banking reform act 1933 Banks prohibited from using depositors funds for risky investments Federal deposit insurance corporation Created by glass steagall Independent agency of federal government Insures bank deposits Prevents bank panics Securities exchange act 1934 Securities and exchange commission created Stop fraudulent stock market practices Greater transparency in market Regulation and enforcement to determine stock manipulation Example: trading laws established The great depression Noble experiment ends 3.2% wine and beer legalized first 21st Amendment 1933 Proposed in feb. and ratified dec. 1933 Only constitutional amendment ratified by special state conventions Prohibition ended “Alphabet soup” new deal programs Three- or four lettered acronyms describe most new deal programs Civilian conservation corps FDR created by executive order For unemployed unmarried men between 17-28 years old Helped shaped modern national and state park system Federal emergency relief act 1933 Federally funded jobs for state and local government work Civilian works administration Emergency employment Provided temporary jobs and paycheck Tennessee valley authority Massive federal project Construction of dams and reservoirs on Tennessee river Flood control and navigation improvements Creation of cheap hydroelectric power Covers parts of seven states Over 2.5 million people living at the time Provided jobs and creation of long term project $13b Works progress administration Largest most ambitious new deal agency Nearly every community in united states impacted by building projects WPA included federal arts projects Strawberry stadium WPA project #3014 Dust bowl Drought and wind = dust storms Powdery topsoil in arid regions of the plains blown away Large areas of the plains became uninhabitable Caused by nature and manmechanized farming Tens of thousands forced out Steinbeck's grapes of wrath Huey Long Senator and former governor of Louisiana Built thousands of miles roads in louisiana Free textbooks and school lunches Charity hospital established National radio show “share our wealth” program reached millions “Every man a king” 5k for each family by taxing the rich Proposed free college Proposed old age pensions Long: FDR new deal was not bold enough Roosevelt worried long could be third party candidate Long assassinated at age 42 in state capital sept. 1935 Long help inspired social security Social security act 1935 One of the most far reaching laws ever Retirement pension regular payments Provided for federal- state unemployment insurance Disability payments Financed by payroll tax paid by employees and employers Over 70 million people receive social security payments today Wagner act 1935 National labor relations act 1935 Aimed to balance power between labor and management Workers rights Labor has right to organize and collective bargaining Strike without employer retaliation Government board established labor secretary Oversees workplace rights Election 1936 Franklin roosevelt vs alf landon Moderate republican who accepted some new deal reforms Republicans - franklin “Deficit “ roosevelt Republicans carried only two states Landslide win for roosevelt Democrats controlled both houses of congress Twentieth amendment Ratified in 1933 changed inauguration date to january 20 shorten lame duck period by 6 weeks Roosevelt sworn in on jan. 20 1937 Supreme court a road block for new deal Six of nine justices over the age of seventy Roosevelt second term Court packing plan Supreme court ruled some new deal laws unconstitutional Roosevelt implied justices were far behind on work Proposed to add six new justices to supreme court All new judges to be appointed by roosevelt Roosevelt hurt politically Court packing failed in congress However the supreme court began to be more sympathetic to new deal Fair labor standards act 1938 (wage and hours) Minimum wage established 40 hour work week Labor under 16 years old restricted “Roosevelt recession” sharp downtown in economy in 1937 Became a little more difficult to pass new deal legislation Mid-term election 1938 Republicans cut into large democratic majorities National attention turned to internal affairs Germany and japan New deal momentum slows Government soon transformed because of World war 2 World War 2 Neutrality Acts Passed by congress in 1935,1936,1937,1939 Because of the rise of fascism in Europe and possibility of another war Isolationist view still prevailed Four laws in all temporary at first, later made permanent Restricted trade with warning nations Embargo of arms Banned loans from U.S banks “Cash and carry” provision Causes of ww2 Problems with treaty of versallies Germany left out of treaty negotiations Everything on Germany War guilt cause Reparations payments Restriction on military Loss of territory Economic problems and general dissatisfaction allows for the rise of fascism Fascism Benito mussolini Gained power in italy 1922 Led the fascist party Rise of Fascist Nationalistic and Militaristic Dictators Difficult Life in post-world war 1 Radical extremism and the Nazi party Born out of post ww1 conditions Weimar republic German government after WW1 Weimar republic failed Nazi party slowly gained seats in German Parliament Adolph Hitler Leader of nazi party Gained power in Germany 1933 German problems blamed on Treaty of Versailles and Jewish population Mein kampf Published 1925 Autobiography antisemitic manifesto of hitler Wrote while in prison Plans for german future Labensraum Living space needed for the aaryn race Nuremberg laws 1935 Race laws against the german jews Restriction on jewish population citizenship denied intermarriage denied Hitler Hitler embarked on remilitarization of germany Remilitarization was violation of treaty of versailles Rhineland Area along french border Hilter placed troops 1936 German troops in Finland a violation of treaty of Versailles Austria German speaking Hitler born in austria Annexed 1938 making austria part of germany Sudetenland Area of czechoslovakia A few million german speaking residents Hitler demanded sudetenland Munich conference September 1938 Hilter invited british P.M neville chamberlain and french president Appeasement french and british give hitler what he wants Hitler takes all of Czechoslovakia within six months Nazi soviet nonaggressionpact Aug he

jhjh (ง’̀-‘́)ง (≖_≖ ) o_O (▀̿Ĺ̯▀̿ ̿) Post Aristotelian Philosophy, Medieval Philosophy, and Modern Philosophy Plotinus, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, Kant Descartes, John Locke The two topical sections - Logic and Possible worlds History Section (~75% of the Test) Matching - Associate the Person with the appropriate Topic, Theory, or Proposition He gives the categories/words and we find who it goes with Categorical imperative - Immanuel Kant Epistemic doubt - Rene Descartes Epistemic Certainty - Rene Descartes Father of Empiricism - Francis Bacon Numeral vs Phenomenal - Immanuel Kant Quinque Viae (The Five ways) - Aquinas Ways of negation vs reality - Baruch Spinoza We use three types of language to describe God, allegorical, equivocal, and univocal - Thomas Aquinas The theory of divine illumination - Augustine Theory of Emanation - Plotinus Wager for God’s existence - Pascal Originator of Ideal Forms - Plato Originator of the Theory of Abstraction - Aristotle Matching - Match the author to the book City of God - Augustine Prosolgian - Anselm of Canterbury Leviathan - Thomas Hobbs Pensées- Pascal The Aeneans - Plotinus Critique of Pure Reason - Kant True False Questions (around 20) Plotinus believed in the eternality of the world, but not the necessity of the world. - False Plotinus’ philosophy was explicitly religious. - True Although not a Christian Plotinus was sympathetic toward Christianity. - False Scholars hold that Thomas Aquinas denied the existence of innate knowledge and even affirmed belief in tabula rasa - True Concerning modern philosophy, empiricism describes the English posture, whereas rationalism describes the continental posture - True The Medieval Period was truly a period of dark ages - False John Locke closely followed the political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes. - False Whereas we usually associate induction with empiricism, we usually associate deduction with rationalism - True Multiple Choice Questions (Around 15) Which figure articulated man’s inability or ability to commit sins with the phrases posse peccare et posse non peccare, non posse non peccare, and non posse peccare? - Augustine Who ridiculed Anselm's argument for God's existence by saying he conceived the greatest possible Island? - Gaunilo Which figure followed the religion of Manichaeism for a time? - Augustine Albetro Magnus said we call him the dumb ox, but the bellows of that ox will resound throughout the whole world. Of who was he speaking? - Aquinas Which figure boiled anthropology down to emotion? - Hume That than which nothing or none greater can be thought. Is that cosmological, teleological, ontological, anthropological or moral argument? - Ontological Be able to rank Plotinus’ levels of the world The One (or The Good) The Mind The Soul The Body/the Physical Fill in the blank questions What phrase did Augustine use to describe Plato’s ideal forms? They are “divine ideas”? The four cardinal virtues and the three theological virtues - 3 theological virtues: faith, hope, and love 4 cardinal virtues: courage, justice, temperance, prudence Have a good working knowledge of the double theory of truth and whether it's a good or bad thing. This is a Bad thing Averröes proposed that the truth relating to philosophy can be different than in religion. For example, much of Aristotelian philosophy contradicts Muslim/Christian theocracy. Averröes proposes that this doesn’t matter. Short Answer (Four of Six Questions) The respective relationships of faith and reason and how they engage those between Augustine and Thomas Aquinas. Augustine - I believe in order to understand (credo ut intelligam) Basically, faith has priority over reason. We only learn because God reveals it to us through Divine Illumination Faith is the foundation; reason is its servant and helper. Aquinas - Natural truths - known by reason Revealed truths - known only by faith Preliminary truths - reason can demonstrate them, but revelation also teaches them. Augustine and Thomas Aquinas and Abraham Piper believed certain things regarding the church state relationship. Augustine: Two cities; separate but related. Restrain sin, maintain order. Aquinas: Distinct but complementary; harmony. Promote common good, natural law. The state should be subject to moral law and that the Church should be free from political interference. Piper: Rejection of religious influence in politics. Secular, non-religious governance. The question about the City of God and The City of Man City of God: is formed by the love of God even to the contempt of self. Spiritual and eternal. The people in this city love God, and put him over every aspect of their life Seeks humility and obedience to God City of Man: Is formed by the love of self even to the contempt of God. They love themselves more than anything else, including God Defined by selfish and worldly desires. Temporary and fleshly They will be united in the judgment Where does evil come from? Why does it exist? Augstine says evil is just a lesser good. For example, choosing something that does less harm is less evil than choosing something worse. Likewise, Aquinas offers his view saying that evil is the perversion of good. Both say it’s the privation of good. Logic and Possible Worlds (~25%) True False Questions (around 10) All descriptions of God are essential properties. - False (He might reword this question) The laws of Logic, which are laws of truth, are a reflection of the Character of the being that is God - True A proposition may be false - True Know the three Laws of Logic Law of Identity - Each thing is identical with itself Law of noncontradictions - The same attribute cannot at the same time and in the same respect belong and not belong to the same subject. A cannot be both A and not-A at the same time Law of the excluded middle - For any proposition P, either P is true or not-P is true. Multiple Choice Questions Who defines Philosophy as thinking really hard about something? - Alvin Plantinga Four Questions: Identify whether it's formally valid or not formally valid according to Sentential logic? Note that an argument may follow the rules of sentential logic but fail as a good deductive argument. Or it may make a true statement that fails to follow the rules of sentential logic. Ex 1. Premise 1: All people like to read and run Premise 2: You are a person Conclusion: You like to read and run. Ex 2 (This is an example he gave of something that doesn’t follow logic). Premise 1: If you listen to the soundtrack of The Fellowship of the Ring, the first film of The Lord of the Rings series, then you are listening to Howard Shore. Premise 2: You listen to the soundtrack of The Return of the King, the third film of The Lord of the Rings series. Conclusion: You are listening to Howard Shore Sometimes a thing can be true but not follow sentential logic. Post Aristotelian Philosophy, Medieval Philosophy, and Modern Philosophy Plotinus, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, Kant Descartes, John Locke The two topical sections - Logic and Possible worlds History Section (~75% of the Test) Matching - Associate the Person with the appropriate Topic, Theory, or Proposition He gives the categories/words and we find who it goes with Categorical imperative - Immanuel Kant Epistemic doubt - Rene Descartes Epistemic Certainty - Rene Descartes Father of Empiricism - Francis Bacon Numeral vs Phenomenal - Immanuel Kant Quinque Viae (The Five ways) - Aquinas Ways of negation vs reality - Baruch Spinoza We use three types of language to describe God, allegorical, equivocal, and univocal - Thomas Aquinas The theory of divine illumination - Augustine Theory of Emanation - Plotinus Wager for God’s existence - Pascal Originator of Ideal Forms - Plato Originator of the Theory of Abstraction - Aristotle Matching - Match the author to the book City of God - Augustine Prosolgian - Anselm of Canterbury Leviathan - Thomas Hobbs Pensées- Pascal The Aeneans - Plotinus Critique of Pure Reason - Kant True False Questions (around 20) Plotinus believed in the eternality of the world, but not the necessity of the world. - False Plotinus’ philosophy was explicitly religious. - True Although not a Christian Plotinus was sympathetic toward Christianity. - False Scholars hold that Thomas Aquinas denied the existence of innate knowledge and even affirmed belief in tabula rasa - True Concerning modern philosophy, empiricism describes the English posture, whereas rationalism describes the continental posture - True The Medieval Period was truly a period of dark ages - False John Locke closely followed the political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes. - False Whereas we usually associate induction with empiricism, we usually associate deduction with rationalism - True Multiple Choice Questions (Around 15) Which figure articulated man’s inability or ability to commit sins with the phrases posse peccare et posse non peccare, non posse non peccare, and non posse peccare? - Augustine Who ridiculed Anselm's argument for God's existence by saying he conceived the greatest possible Island? - Gaunilo Which figure followed the religion of Manichaeism for a time? - Augustine Albetro Magnus said we call him the dumb ox, but the bellows of that ox will resound throughout the whole world. Of who was he speaking? - Aquinas Which figure boiled anthropology down to emotion? - Hume That than which nothing or none greater can be thought. Is that cosmological, teleological, ontological, anthropological or moral argument? - Ontological Be able to rank Plotinus’ levels of the world The One (or The Good) The Mind The Soul The Body/the Physical Fill in the blank questions What phrase did Augustine use to describe Plato’s ideal forms? They are “divine ideas”? The four cardinal virtues and the three theological virtues - 3 theological virtues: faith, hope, and love 4 cardinal virtues: courage, justice, temperance, prudence Have a good working knowledge of the double theory of truth and whether it's a good or bad thing. This is a Bad thing Averröes proposed that the truth relating to philosophy can be different than in religion. For example, much of Aristotelian philosophy contradicts Muslim/Christian theocracy. Averröes proposes that this doesn’t matter. Short Answer (Four of Six Questions) The respective relationships of faith and reason and how they engage those between Augustine and Thomas Aquinas. Augustine - I believe in order to understand (credo ut intelligam) Basically, faith has priority over reason. We only learn because God reveals it to us through Divine Illumination Faith is the foundation; reason is its servant and helper. Aquinas - Natural truths - known by reason Revealed truths - known only by faith Preliminary truths - reason can demonstrate them, but revelation also teaches them. Augustine and Thomas Aquinas and Abraham Piper believed certain things regarding the church state relationship. Augustine: Two cities; separate but related. Restrain sin, maintain order. Aquinas: Distinct but complementary; harmony. Promote common good, natural law. The state should be subject to moral law and that the Church should be free from political interference. Piper: Rejection of religious influence in politics. Secular, non-religious governance. The question about the City of God and The City of Man City of God: is formed by the love of God even to the contempt of self. Spiritual and eternal. The people in this city love God, and put him over every aspect of their life Seeks humility and obedience to God City of Man: Is formed by the love of self even to the contempt of God. They love themselves more than anything else, including God Defined by selfish and worldly desires. Temporary and fleshly They will be united in the judgment Where does evil come from? Why does it exist? Augstine says evil is just a lesser good. For example, choosing something that does less harm is less evil than choosing something worse. Likewise, Aquinas offers his view saying that evil is the perversion of good. Both say it’s the privation of good. Logic and Possible Worlds (~25%) True False Questions (around 10) All descriptions of God are essential properties. - False (He might reword this question) The laws of Logic, which are laws of truth, are a reflection of the Character of the being that is God - True A proposition may be false - True Know the three Laws of Logic Law of Identity - Each thing is identical with itself Law of noncontradictions - The same attribute cannot at the same time and in the same respect belong and not belong to the same subject. A cannot be both A and not-A at the same time Law of the excluded middle - For any proposition P, either P is true or not-P is true. Multiple Choice Questions Who defines Philosophy as thinking really hard about something? - Alvin Plantinga Four Questions: Identify whether it's formally valid or not formally valid according to Sentential logic? Note that an argument may follow the rules of sentential logic but fail as a good deductive argument. Or it may make a true statement that fails to follow the rules of sentential logic. Ex 1. Premise 1: All people like to read and run Premise 2: You are a person Conclusion: You like to read and run. Ex 2 (This is an example he gave of something that doesn’t follow logic). Premise 1: If you listen to the soundtrack of The Fellowship of the Ring, the first film of The Lord of the Rings series, then you are listening to Howard Shore. Premise 2: You listen to the soundtrack of The Return of the King, the third film of The Lord of the Rings series. Conclusion: You are listening to Howard Shore Sometimes a thing can be true but not follow sentential logic