History exam 3: 1920s america the Roaring twenties: Prosperity, culture, change, and contradiction (1920s-1929) Nicknamed: Roaring twenties/ jazz age Post ww1 boom after war and flu pandemic recovery Shift: Rural tradition to urban modern consumer society Key themes: optimism, excess, hidden cracks Republican dominance “Return to normalcy” President: Harding (1921-23, scandals) Coolidge (1923-29, pro- business) Hoover (1929, crash) Laissez fair: low taxes, limited regulation Isolationism: rejected league of nations “ Age of prosperity”: rising wages, low unemployment (for many) Mass production: Assembly line, electricity, consumer goods Key industries: Autos, radio, appliances Rise of credit and advertising - mass consumption Uneven: Farmers struggled Automobile explosion: Model T - suburbs, roads Aviation milestone: Lindbergh’s 1927 solo Atlantic flight Radio: national culture and entertainment Household tech: Refrigerators, vacuums 19th amendment (1920): women vote Flappers: Short hair/ skirts, smoking, dancing, independence More women working, challenge norms New freedom in dating and social life Jazz age: Born in New Orleans Louis armstrong, duke ellington Hollywood boom: silent films- talkies (1927) Sports heroes: Babe ruth, Jack dempsy Dances And fads: Charleston, dance marathons Great migration: Black to northern cities Harlem explosion: Art literature, music Key figures: WRiter and poet langston hughes, writer zora neale hurston, jazz duke ellington Celebration of black identity 18th amendment (1919-33) banned alcohol Results: Speakeasies, bootlegging, organized crime Gangster: AL Capone and rise of mafia Widespread hypocrisy and corruption Roaring twenties: KKK resurgence: anti- immigrants black catholic Nativism: 1924 immigration quotas- new law restricting immigrants - target eastern and southern europeans Radical violence: Tulsa massacre (1921) Scope trial (1925): evolution vs religion Stock market Bull market Stock prices steadily climbed throughout the 1920s Margin buying Middle class investing Economy roaring Frantic buying in 1920s Stock prices separate from the value of company Economy begins to weaken Before the stock crash when did the American economy begin to cool off? 1928 According to a top investor when a shoe shine boy is giving stock picks its time to do what? Sell out When do most stock market crashes occur? september/ october In the worst single day how much did the stock market lose in value? 14 billion Who was worse in the short run? Small investor Stock prices begin to fall in september1929 Crash in october 1929 Black tuesday october 29,1929 Great depression Unemployment skyrockets Thousands of banks collapsed Individual; saving gone Cause; Abundance ‘Great glut” too much production Overexpansion of credit High tariff- trade dried up Effects High employment Homes and farms lost to foreclosure Homelessness and hunger Bread and soup lines “Hoovervilles” Makeshift towns of homeless people Hoover and depression What happened to local government and local charities relief efforts? They were overwhelmed Hoover reluctant to use federal government Reconstruction Finance corporation Government loans to big business and some state governments Hoover In 1924 congress voted a bonus payment to world war 1 veterans To be paid in 1945 Bonus army In 1932 around 20,000 veterans converge on WAshington during the depression Camped out and demand full bonus immediately Vote failed in congress Hoover ordered removal of those who refused to leave Bloody confrontation- hoover hurt politically in election year Election of 1932 Herbert hoover (r.) Franklin roosevelt (d) Roosevelt offers new deal Roosevelt wins in landslide Lame duck period between election and inauguration economy worsened Banking catastrophe loomed Roosevelt and the new deal “ only thing we have to fear is fear itself’ First hundred days Intense burst of legislation New deal ‘ Three R- relief, recovery, reform Fireside chats Emergency banking act 1933 Aimed to restore public confidence Banks shut down for a weeklong bank holiday Only solvent bank reopen Firesides chats Regular radio broadcast by Roosevelt Roosevelt's way of going directly to the public Built support for new deal legislation New deal Banking crisis dealt with first Bank examiners determined bank health Glass steagall banking reform act 1933 Banks prohibited from using depositors funds for risky investments Federal deposit insurance corporation Created by glass steagall Independent agency of federal government Insures bank deposits Prevents bank panics Securities exchange act 1934 Securities and exchange commission created Stop fraudulent stock market practices Greater transparency in market Regulation and enforcement to determine stock manipulation Example: trading laws established The great depression Noble experiment ends 3.2% wine and beer legalized first 21st Amendment 1933 Proposed in feb. and ratified dec. 1933 Only constitutional amendment ratified by special state conventions Prohibition ended “Alphabet soup” new deal programs Three- or four lettered acronyms describe most new deal programs Civilian conservation corps FDR created by executive order For unemployed unmarried men between 17-28 years old Helped shaped modern national and state park system Federal emergency relief act 1933 Federally funded jobs for state and local government work Civilian works administration Emergency employment Provided temporary jobs and paycheck Tennessee valley authority Massive federal project Construction of dams and reservoirs on Tennessee river Flood control and navigation improvements Creation of cheap hydroelectric power Covers parts of seven states Over 2.5 million people living at the time Provided jobs and creation of long term project $13b Works progress administration Largest most ambitious new deal agency Nearly every community in united states impacted by building projects WPA included federal arts projects Strawberry stadium WPA project #3014 Dust bowl Drought and wind = dust storms Powdery topsoil in arid regions of the plains blown away Large areas of the plains became uninhabitable Caused by nature and manmechanized farming Tens of thousands forced out Steinbeck's grapes of wrath Huey Long Senator and former governor of Louisiana Built thousands of miles roads in louisiana Free textbooks and school lunches Charity hospital established National radio show “share our wealth” program reached millions “Every man a king” 5k for each family by taxing the rich Proposed free college Proposed old age pensions Long: FDR new deal was not bold enough Roosevelt worried long could be third party candidate Long assassinated at age 42 in state capital sept. 1935 Long help inspired social security Social security act 1935 One of the most far reaching laws ever Retirement pension regular payments Provided for federal- state unemployment insurance Disability payments Financed by payroll tax paid by employees and employers Over 70 million people receive social security payments today Wagner act 1935 National labor relations act 1935 Aimed to balance power between labor and management Workers rights Labor has right to organize and collective bargaining Strike without employer retaliation Government board established labor secretary Oversees workplace rights Election 1936 Franklin roosevelt vs alf landon Moderate republican who accepted some new deal reforms Republicans - franklin “Deficit “ roosevelt Republicans carried only two states Landslide win for roosevelt Democrats controlled both houses of congress Twentieth amendment Ratified in 1933 changed inauguration date to january 20 shorten lame duck period by 6 weeks Roosevelt sworn in on jan. 20 1937 Supreme court a road block for new deal Six of nine justices over the age of seventy Roosevelt second term Court packing plan Supreme court ruled some new deal laws unconstitutional Roosevelt implied justices were far behind on work Proposed to add six new justices to supreme court All new judges to be appointed by roosevelt Roosevelt hurt politically Court packing failed in congress However the supreme court began to be more sympathetic to new deal Fair labor standards act 1938 (wage and hours) Minimum wage established 40 hour work week Labor under 16 years old restricted “Roosevelt recession” sharp downtown in economy in 1937 Became a little more difficult to pass new deal legislation Mid-term election 1938 Republicans cut into large democratic majorities National attention turned to internal affairs Germany and japan New deal momentum slows Government soon transformed because of World war 2 World War 2 Neutrality Acts Passed by congress in 1935,1936,1937,1939 Because of the rise of fascism in Europe and possibility of another war Isolationist view still prevailed Four laws in all temporary at first, later made permanent Restricted trade with warning nations Embargo of arms Banned loans from U.S banks “Cash and carry” provision Causes of ww2 Problems with treaty of versallies Germany left out of treaty negotiations Everything on Germany War guilt cause Reparations payments Restriction on military Loss of territory Economic problems and general dissatisfaction allows for the rise of fascism Fascism Benito mussolini Gained power in italy 1922 Led the fascist party Rise of Fascist Nationalistic and Militaristic Dictators Difficult Life in post-world war 1 Radical extremism and the Nazi party Born out of post ww1 conditions Weimar republic German government after WW1 Weimar republic failed Nazi party slowly gained seats in German Parliament Adolph Hitler Leader of nazi party Gained power in Germany 1933 German problems blamed on Treaty of Versailles and Jewish population Mein kampf Published 1925 Autobiography antisemitic manifesto of hitler Wrote while in prison Plans for german future Labensraum Living space needed for the aaryn race Nuremberg laws 1935 Race laws against the german jews Restriction on jewish population citizenship denied intermarriage denied Hitler Hitler embarked on remilitarization of germany Remilitarization was violation of treaty of versailles Rhineland Area along french border Hilter placed troops 1936 German troops in Finland a violation of treaty of Versailles Austria German speaking Hitler born in austria Annexed 1938 making austria part of germany Sudetenland Area of czechoslovakia A few million german speaking residents Hitler demanded sudetenland Munich conference September 1938 Hilter invited british P.M neville chamberlain and french president Appeasement french and british give hitler what he wants Hitler takes all of Czechoslovakia within six months Nazi soviet nonaggressionpact Aug

Roaring twenties

Period of prosperity and cultural change in America during the 1920s.

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote in the United States (1920).

Jazz Age

Nickname for the 1920s, highlighting the era's embrace of jazz music and culture.

Mass production

The production of goods in large quantities, often using assembly lines.

Harlem Renaissance

A cultural and artistic explosion among African Americans in the 1920s.

Great Migration

Movement of African Americans from rural South to urban North during and after WWI.

Prohibition

The legal ban on alcohol production, importation, transportation, and sale in the U.S. (1920-1933).

The Great Depression

A severe worldwide economic downturn that lasted from 1929 to the late 1930s.

Stock Market Crash of 1929

A major stock market decline that contributed to the onset of the Great Depression.

New Deal

A series of programs and reforms introduced by Franklin D. Roosevelt in response to the Great Depression.

Fireside Chats

Radio broadcasts by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to communicate directly with Americans.

Social Security Act

A 1935 law that established a system of old-age benefits and unemployment insurance.

Wagner Act

A 1935 law that strengthened labor unions and protected workers’ rights to organize.

Dust Bowl

A period of severe dust storms in the 1930s that damaged agricultural land in the Great Plains.

Isolationism

A foreign policy that advocates avoiding political and military involvement in other countries.

Laissez-faire

An economic philosophy of minimal government intervention in the market.

The Bonus Army

A group of World War I veterans who marched on Washington D.C. in 1932 to demand early bonus payments.

Glass-Steagall Banking Act

A law that separated commercial and investment banking and established the FDIC to insure deposits.

Securities Exchange Act

A 1934 law that established the SEC to regulate stock market practices and prevent fraud.

Nineteenth Amendment

United States constitutional amendment granting women the right to vote.

Huey Long

A Louisiana senator known for his 'Share Our Wealth' philosophy and proposed social reforms.

Fascism

An authoritarian political ideology characterized by dictatorial power and strong centralized control.

Mein Kampf

Autobiographical book by Adolf Hitler outlining his political ideology and plans for Germany.

Munich Conference

A 1938 meeting where Britain and France allowed Hitler to annex the Sudetenland in a failed attempt at appeasement.

Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

A 1939 agreement between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union to avoid military conflict and divide Eastern Europe.