Results for "mass production"

Here’s your revised and organized notes: ⸻ Main Causes of the Boom WWI • Took place 1914-1918. • America joined in 1917. • Sold products to Britain and allies throughout the war. • Loaned money to Britain and allies, which was later used to buy war supplies from the USA. • America took over production due to disruptions in Europe. • No post-war destruction in the USA. • More jobs for soldiers when they returned. Government Policies • Republican government helped businesses. • Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act: Placed a tariff on goods imported from abroad. • Encouraged Americans to purchase American goods. • Tax cuts for the rich so more jobs could be created. • More money to buy consumer goods. New Ways to Buy and Sell • Advertising: billboards, magazines, newspapers. • Catalogs: people living in rural America could buy consumer goods. • Hire purchase plan: Spread out costs over a long period of time. Consumer Society • Americans became obsessed with buying things. • Advertisements encouraged people to spend their paychecks on new items, boosting the economy. • Benefited wealthier people, as they had more access to electrical products. Mass Production • Goods were not made by a single person but by many people on a conveyor line. • Ford invented it in 1913 to make his Model T car, which got cheaper every year. • 1925 price of the car: $290 (instead of the earlier $850). • Meant employees had to be trained for only one job on the line. • Goods were produced quickly and in bulk, making them cheaper and increasing profits. • Business owners benefited as they could mass-produce products faster and in better working conditions. ⸻ How Were Their Lives Affected? Factory Workers (Cotton & Wool) • Did not benefit. • Less demand for their products due to man-made fibers such as rayon. • Fashion used less fabric. • Prices fell, factories closed, and people were laid off. • Economic effects: drop in employment. African Americans (Did Not Benefit) • Sharecroppers had to give a portion of their land as rent. • Farmers lost out as there was a much lower demand for food after Europe began to redevelop. • Many Black people without jobs were unable to get new ones due to institutional racism. • Economic and social disadvantages. Farmers (Did Not Benefit) • Europe recovered and didn’t require American crops, leading to high unemployment. • 600,000 people unemployed. • High-tech meant more food was produced, lowering production costs but also leading to oversupply. • Economic struggles as they couldn’t sell goods to Europe, which was self-sufficient. • Combine harvesters and tractors allowed for greater production but didn’t help struggling farmers. ⸻ This structure makes it easier to follow and connects the causes of the boom with its effects

Key Terms and Events • Laissez-Faire – French for “Leave it alone,” a theory promoting minimal government intervention in the economy. • Impressment – Forcing individuals into public service, especially into the navy. • Embargo – A government order stopping trade with other countries. • Industry – The production of goods by businesses and factories. • Interchangeable Parts – Standardized parts that can be replaced in manufactured products. • Mass Production – A method of producing goods quickly and cheaply in large quantities. • Cotton Gin – A machine that separates cotton fibers from their seeds. • Eli Whitney – Inventor of the cotton gin and interchangeable parts. • Electoral College – A system in which electors choose the president and vice president. • Louisiana Purchase – Land deal under Thomas Jefferson in which the U.S. bought territory from France, doubling its size. • Tecumseh – Shawnee leader who allied with the British and fought against U.S. settlers in the west. • Sacagawea – A Shoshone woman who guided Lewis and Clark on their expedition to the Pacific Ocean. • Steam Engine – A machine powered by coal-heated steam, allowing factories to be built away from water sources. The Election of 1800 • John Adams, Aaron Burr, and Thomas Jefferson faced off. • Jefferson and Burr tied. • Alexander Hamilton convinced a congressman to break the tie in favor of Jefferson. • The 12th Amendment was created to prevent future electoral tie issues. Thomas Jefferson’s Presidency • Focused on: • Limiting government intervention (Laissez-Faire approach). • Promoting agriculture. • Encouraging self-sufficiency. • Introduced judicial review, strengthening the judicial branch with checks and balances. • Encouraged western expansion and trade along the Mississippi River. The Louisiana Purchase and Westward Exploration • With U.S. expansion, Congress organized an expedition. • Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were chosen to explore the new territory. • Along the way, they met Sacagawea, who served as an interpreter and guide. Tensions with Britain and France • Both nations attempted to block U.S. trade. • The U.S. imposed an embargo on both, which backfired and hurt American merchants. • In 1808, James Madison was elected president. • The Star-Spangled Banner was written during this period and later became the national anthem. • Dolly Madison saved a famous portrait of George Washington during the War of 1812. Industrialization and Economic Shifts • As the U.S. expanded, industry grew, especially in the North. • Early factories were powered by watermills; later, steam, oil, and gas were used. • The textile industry became the dominant industry in the North. • Francis Lowell built a major textile factory in Boston. • Eli Whitney’s contributions: • Interchangeable parts – Allowed for standardized gun manufacturing. • Cotton gin – Sped up the cotton cleaning process. The South and the Rise of Cotton • Cotton became highly profitable, increasing demand for enslaved labor. • The cotton gin made cotton processing more efficient. • In 1808, the international slave trade was banned, but enslaved labor remained crucial to the Southern economy. Life of Enslaved Workers • Men worked as blacksmiths, carpenters, and painters. • Women worked as maids, cooks, and childcare workers. • Children served as household servants and field laborers. • Some enslaved individuals were rented out to work in factories. • Most had little to no education. • Forms of resistance included breaking tools and equipment. • Harsh punishments were given for defiance or escape attempts. • Many families were separated through slave auctions. Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831) • Nat Turner and his followers attacked and killed several Virginia plantation owners and their families. • Turner was captured two months later, tried, and executed. • The rebellion led to even harsher conditions for enslaved people in the South in

Craft vs Mass Production

LEC 20 MASS PRODUCTION OF FOODS + LEC 24 Molecular & Biological Processes in Foods: Food Biotechnology

Week 11: Mass Production 2 (30 Flashcards)

Week 10: Mass Production 1 (30 Flashcards)

Usa, 1919-41 Refers To The Period In American History From 1919 To 1941, Characterized By Significant Economic, Social, And Political Changes. Wall Street Crash The Catastrophic Stock Market Crash That Occurred In 1929, Leading To The Great Depression In The United States And Worldwide. New Deal Refers To The Series Of Programs And Policies Implemented By President Franklin D. Roosevelt In Response To The Great Depression To Stimulate Economic Recovery And Provide Relief To Americans. League Of Nations An International Organization Established After World War I To Promote Peace And Cooperation Among Countries, But Failed To Prevent Aggression And Conflicts. Isolationism Refers To The Foreign Policy Approach Adopted By The United States After World War I, Characterized By Avoiding Entanglement In Foreign Affairs And Focusing On Domestic Issues. Economic Boom The Period Of Rapid Economic Growth, Expansion Of Industries, Increased Consumer Spending, And Overall Prosperity Experienced In The 1920s In The United States. Stock Market A Platform Where Shares Of Publicly Traded Companies Are Bought And Sold, Playing A Significant Role In The Economy And Investment Activities. Great Depression The Severe Economic Downturn That Began With The Wall Street Crash In 1929 And Lasted Throughout The 1930s, Leading To High Unemployment, Poverty, And Economic Hardship. Raw Materials Basic Materials Used In Industrial Production, Such As Coal, Oil, And Cotton, Essential For Manufacturing And Economic Development. First World War A Global Conflict That Took Place From 1914 To 1918, Involving Many Of The World'S Great Powers. Us System Of Government Refers To The Federal System In The United States Where Individual States Have Certain Powers While The Federal Government Handles National Affairs. Constitution The Foundational Document That Outlines The Structure Of The Government And The Rights Of Its Citizens In The United States. Supreme Court The Highest Court In The United States, Responsible For Interpreting The Constitution And Ensuring The Legality Of Government Actions. Republicans One Of The Two Major Political Parties In The United States, Known For Their Beliefs In Laissez-Faire Economics, Protective Tariffs, And Low Taxation. Democrats The Other Major Political Party In The United States, Often More Willing To Intervene In Everyday Life And Support Higher Taxation For Social Programs. Trusts Large Corporations That Dominated Industries In The United States During The Early 20th Century. Mass Production A Method Of Producing Goods In Large Quantities, Leading To Lower Costs And Increased Availability To Consumers. Mass Production The Manufacturing Of Goods In Large Quantities Through Techniques Like Assembly Lines, Allowing For Increased Efficiency And Lower Costs. Henry Ford An American Industrialist Who Revolutionized Car Production With The Introduction Of The Moving Assembly Line, Particularly Known For The Model T. Production Line A Method Of Manufacturing Where A Product Moves Through Various Stations, With Each Worker Performing A Specific Task, Leading To Faster Production. Model T A Car Model Produced By Ford Motor Company, Known For Being The First Affordable Automobile, With Over 15 Million Units Produced Between 1908 And 1925. International Harvester Trucks A Company That Produced Trucks, Benefiting From The New Roads And The Growth Of The Truck Industry In The Early 20th Century. Mass Consumption The Widespread Purchasing Of Goods By The Public, Essential For Industries Relying On Mass Production To Thrive. Industrial Efficiency Movement A Movement Promoting Efficient Production Methods And Management Practices To Increase Productivity In Industries. Chain Store A Type Of Retail Store That Operates Multiple Locations, Offering The Same Products Across Different Regions, Contributing To The Growth Of Consumerism In The 1920s. Hire Purchase A System Allowing Consumers To Buy Goods On Credit, Paying For Them Over Time, Which Became Popular For Purchasing Items Like Radios And Cars In The 1920s. Over-Production The Situation Where More Goods Are Produced Than Demanded By The Market, Leading To Surpluses And Falling Prices. Declining Exports Reduction In The Amount Of Goods Sold To Other Countries, Often Due To Economic Conditions Or Trade Barriers. New Competitors Emerging Rivals In The Market That Pose A Challenge To Existing Businesses, Often Due To Increased Efficiency Or Lower Costs. Falling Prices Decrease In The Prices Of Goods Or Services, Usually Due To Oversupply Or Reduced Demand. Rural Banks Financial Institutions Located In Rural Areas That Provide Banking Services To Farmers And Residents In The Countryside. Farm Bankruptcies Legal Status Of Being Unable To Pay Debts As A Farmer, Leading To Financial Insolvency And Potential Loss Of Assets. Unemployment The State Of Being Without A Job, Especially When Actively Seeking Work. Herbert Hoover The 31st President Of The United States Who Served From 1929 To 1933. Chicago One Of America'S Biggest Cities In The 1920s, Known For Its Steel, Meat, And Clothing Industries. Roaring Twenties A Term Used To Describe The 1920s In The United States, Characterized By Dynamic Business Growth, Mass Consumption, And Societal Changes. Laissez-Faire An Economic Theory That Advocates Minimal Government Intervention In The Economy. Mass Production The Production Of Large Quantities Of Standardized Products, Often Using Assembly Line Techniques. Prohibition The Nationwide Constitutional Ban On The Production, Importation, Transportation, And Sale Of Alcoholic Beverages In The United States From 1920 To 1933. Jazz Age Refers To The Period In The 1920s Characterized By The Rise Of Jazz Music, New Dances Like The Charleston, And Changing Styles Of Behavior Epitomized By The Flapper Image. Flapper A Term Used To Describe Young Women In The 1920s Who Defied Traditional Norms By Wearing Short Dresses, Makeup, Smoking In Public, And Embracing A More Liberated Lifestyle. Jazz Music A Genre Of Music That Emerged In The Early 20th Century, Characterized By Improvisation, Syncopation, And A Lively Rhythm, Which Became A Symbol Of The Jazz Age In The 1920s. Silent Movies Films Produced Before 1927 That Did Not Have Synchronized Sound, Relying On Visual Storytelling, Music, And Intertitles To Convey The Plot To The Audience. Talkies Refers To Movies With Synchronized Sound, Which Became Popular After The Release Of "The Jazz Singer" In 1927, Marking A Significant Shift In The Film Industry. Hollywood A Neighborhood In Los Angeles That Became The Center Of The American Film Industry, Producing A Large Number Of Movies During The 1920s And Becoming Synonymous With The Glamour Of The Entertainment World. Middle-Class Women In The Usa Before The First World War, Middle-Class Women In The Usa Were Expected To Lead Restricted Lives, Wearing Very Restrictive Clothes, Behaving Politely, Not Wearing Make-Up, Having Strictly Controlled Relationships With Men, Needing A Chaperone When Going Out With A Boyfriend, Refraining From Participating In Sports Or Smoking In Public, And Being Mostly Housewives With Limited Job Opportunities. Flappers Flappers In The 1920s Were Controversial Figures Who Challenged Traditional Norms By Wearing Short Skirts, Bobbed Hair, Daring Clothes, Makeup, And Engaging In Public Behaviors Like Smoking, Drinking, Driving Cars Without A Chaperone, And Kissing In Public. Immigration The Act Of Individuals Moving Into A Country To Settle There Permanently. Intolerance Unwillingness To Accept Or Respect Different Opinions Or Beliefs. Racism Prejudice, Discrimination, Or Antagonism Directed Against Someone Of A Different Race Based On The Belief That One'S Own Race Is Superior. Melting Pot A Metaphor For A Society Where Different Cultures And Races Blend Together Harmoniously. Red Scare A Period Of Fear And Hysteria Over The Perceived Threat Of Communism In The United States In The Early 20th Century. Bolshevism A Faction Of The Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Which Eventually Became The Communist Party Of The Soviet Union. Anarchists Individuals Who Believe In The Abolition Of All Government And The Organization Of Society On A Voluntary, Cooperative Basis Without Recourse To Force Or Compulsion. J The First Director Of The Federal Bureau Of Investigation (Fbi) Of The United States. Deportation The Action Of Expelling A Foreigner From A Country, Typically For Having Committed A Crime Or Overstaying A Visa. Sacco And Vanzetti Italian Americans Arrested In 1920 On Suspicion Of Armed Robbery And Murder, Known For Their Anarchist Beliefs And Unjust Conviction. Red Scare Period Of Anti-Communist Hysteria In The United States In The Early 20th Century, Leading To The Persecution Of Individuals With Radical Beliefs. Immigration Quotas System Introduced In 1924 To Limit The Number Of Immigrants Entering The Usa, Favoring Those From North-West Europe And Excluding Asians. Ku Klux Klan White Supremacy Movement Using Violence To Intimidate African Americans, Revived In The Early 20th Century And Influential In The 1920s. Jim Crow Discriminatory Laws And Practices Enforcing Racial Segregation And White Supremacy In The Southern United States, Particularly Targeting African Americans. Lynchings Acts Of Violence, Especially Hanging Without Trial, Carried Out By Mobs Against African Americans, Jews, Catholics, And Immigrants In The Early 20th Century. Strange Fruit Poem Written By Abel Meeropol Inspired By A Lynching Incident, Highlighting The Violence And Racism Faced By African Americans In The Usa. Birth Of A Nation Controversial Film Released In 1915 Glorifying The Ku Klux Klan And Perpetuating Racist Stereotypes, Contributing To The Revival Of The Klan In The Early 20th Century. Lynching The Act Of Murdering Someone By Extrajudicial Mob Action, Particularly Prevalent Against African Americans In The Early 20th Century. Harlem Renaissance A Cultural Movement In The 1920s Centered In Harlem, New York, Where African American Artists, Musicians, And Writers Flourished. Naacp National Association For The Advancement Of Colored People, Founded By W.E.B. Dubois In 1919 To Fight Against Racial Segregation Laws And Lynching. Marcus Garvey Founder Of The Universal Negro Improvement Association (Unia) And Advocate For African Americans To Be Proud Of Their Race And To Establish Their Own Businesses. Civil Rights Movement Efforts By African Americans To Gain Equal Rights And End Racial Discrimination, Including Legal Segregation And Lynching, In The United States. Native Americans The Original Settlers Of The North American Continent Who Faced A Significant Decline In Population And Were Forced To Move To Reservations During The Rapid Expansion Of The Usa In The Nineteenth Century. Reservations Designated Areas Where Native Americans Were Relocated To Live, Often In The Midwest, After Being Displaced From Their Traditional Lands. Merriam Report A Report From 1928 That Proposed Widespread Improvements To The Laws Relating To Native Americans, Leading To Reforms Under Roosevelt'S New Deal In 1934. Monkey Trial A Trial In The 1920s That Centered Around The Teaching Of Evolution In Schools, Highlighting The Clash Between Urban Beliefs In Evolution And Rural Fundamentalist Beliefs. Fundamentalists People, Particularly Strong In The 'Bible Belt' States, Who Held Literal Interpretations Of The Bible And Opposed The Teaching Of Evolution In Schools. Prohibition The Nationwide Ban On The Manufacture, Sale, And Transportation Of Alcohol In The Usa, Enforced By The Eighteenth Amendment To The Constitution In January 1920. Prohibition The Period From 1920 To 1933 In The United States When The Production, Sale, And Transportation Of Alcoholic Beverages Were Banned. Bootleggers Individuals Who Illegally Produced, Transported, Or Sold Alcohol During The Prohibition Era. Speakeasies Illegal Bars Or Establishments Where Alcoholic Beverages Were Sold And Consumed During Prohibition. Corruption The Dishonest Or Unethical Behavior, Especially Involving Bribery, That Was Prevalent Among Law Enforcement Officers And Officials During The Prohibition Era. Gangsters Criminals Who Profited From The Sale Of Illegal Alcohol During The Prohibition Era, Often Associated With Organized Crime And Violence. Prohibition The Nationwide Ban On The Manufacture, Sale, And Transportation Of Alcoholic Beverages In The United States From 1920 To 1933. Al Capone Infamous Chicago Gangster Boss During The Prohibition Era, Known For His Violent Reign And Control Over Illegal Activities In The City. Bootlegger Individuals Who Illegally Produced, Smuggled, Or Sold Alcoholic Beverages During The Prohibition Era. Speakeasies Illicit Establishments That Sold Alcoholic Beverages During The Prohibition Era, Often Hidden From Authorities And Requiring A Password For Entry. St A 1929 Gangland Murder In Chicago Where Seven Members Of Bugsy Moran'S Gang Were Killed By Al Capone'S Men In A Brutal And Public Manner. George Remus A Prominent Bootlegger During The Prohibition Era Who Amassed Wealth Through Illegal Alcohol Sales And Corrupt Practices. Organized Crime Criminal Activities Carried Out By Groups With A Formal Structure, Often Involving Illegal Businesses Like Bootlegging, Gambling, And Prostitution. Corruption Dishonest Or Fraudulent Conduct By Those In Power, Often Seen In Law Enforcement, Government Officials, And Politicians During The Prohibition Era. Franklin D The Democrat President Who Was Elected In 1932 And Played A Key Role In The Repeal Of Prohibition In December 1933. Wall Street Crash The Collapse Of The American Stock Market In 1929, Leading To A Severe Economic Depression. Speculation A Form Of Gambling Where Individuals Buy And Sell Shares Quickly To Make A Profit, Without Intending To Hold Onto The Shares For Long. Stock Market A Platform Where Shares Of Companies Are Bought And Sold, Such As Wall Street In The United States. Shareholders Investors Who Own A Share In A Company, Entitling Them To A Portion Of The Company'S Profits. Herbert Hoover The Republican President Of The United States During The Wall Street Crash And The Subsequent Great Depression. Depression A Prolonged Period Of Economic Downturn Characterized By High Unemployment, Low Consumer Spending, And A Decrease In Industrial Production. Roosevelt Refers To Franklin D. Roosevelt, Who Won The 1932 Presidential Election Following The Wall Street Crash And Implemented The New Deal To Address The Economic Crisis. Margin Buying Shares On Margin Means Putting Down Only A Percentage Of The Cash Needed To Buy Shares And Borrowing The Rest. Petticoat Line Nickname For Women Speculators Who Owned Over 50% Of The Pennsylvania Railroad During The Stock Market Boom. Bank Speculation Banks Getting Involved In Speculation By Lending Large Sums Of Money For Stock Market Investments, Contributing To The Market'S Instability.

Mass production

why economic boom - henry ford and mass production

Henry ford (assembly line and mass production) - 1913

War Causes Mind Map Central Idea: Various causes that led to the outbreak of wars Spanish-American War Cause #1: Propaganda Yellow pages propaganda Antigerman hysteria Cause #2: Struggle for Independence Cubans revolting for independence from Spain Country was struggling with independence/subject vs govt disputes Cause #3: Ship explosion Blamed on Spain Uboats bomb Lusitania, killing US citizens Cause #4: Imperialism Cuba getting rid of Spain US taking over Cuba Austria-Hungary wanted Siberia, so assassination Imperialism in Africa Cause #5: Assistance US wanted to help Cuba gain independence Naval and military bases in Cuba Economic gain More trade routes between South America and US Wanted resources such as sugar and tobacco World War I Cause #1: Propaganda Yellow pages propaganda Antigerman hysteria Cause #2: Struggle for Independence Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated Country was struggling with independence/subject vs govt disputes Cause #3: Ship explosion Although blamed on Spain, US boat exploded, leading to war Uboats bomb Lusitania, killing US citizens Cause #4: Imperialism Cuba getting rid of Spain US taking over Cuba Austria-Hungary wanted Siberia, so assassination Imperialism in Africa Cause #5: Assistance US wanted to help Cuba gain independence Naval and military bases in Cuba Economic gain More trade routes between South America and US Wanted resources such as sugar and tobacco Militarism Industrial Revolution led to newer weapons Alliances Germany promised to stop bombing passenger ships if US convinced British to leave their borders Nationalism Many US citizens signed up and volunteered to help war efforts Assassination Archduke Franz Ferdinand Austria-Hungary (Moderist) Wilson hoped to accomplish a safer world for democracy Economic gain US businesses supplied allied powers, making money War Causes Mind Map Central Idea: Various causes that led to the outbreak of wars Spanish-American War Cause #1: Propaganda Yellow pages propaganda: The Spanish-American War was fueled by propaganda tactics used by both sides. The yellow pages propaganda, which consisted of sensationalized and exaggerated stories published in newspapers, aimed to sway public opinion in favor of war. These stories portrayed the Spanish as brutal oppressors and created a sense of outrage among the American public. Antigerman hysteria: Another form of propaganda that contributed to the outbreak of the Spanish-American War was the antigerman hysteria. As tensions rose between the United States and Germany, the American media played a significant role in demonizing Germans and creating a hostile environment towards them. Cause #2: Struggle for Independence Cubans revolting for independence from Spain: The Cuban people had long been yearning for independence from Spanish colonial rule. The oppressive policies of the Spanish government and the desire for self-governance led to a series of revolts and uprisings in Cuba. These acts of resistance eventually escalated into a full-blown war, drawing the attention of the United States. Country was struggling with independence/subject vs govt disputes: The struggle for independence in Cuba was not a simple matter of overthrowing the Spanish colonial government. There were also internal conflicts and disputes within the Cuban society regarding the form of government they wanted to establish. This internal struggle added complexity to the overall situation. Cause #3: Ship explosion Blamed on Spain: The explosion of the USS Maine, an American battleship, in Havana Harbor was a pivotal event that pushed the United States towards war with Spain. Although the cause of the explosion was never definitively determined, the American media and government officials blamed Spain, further fueling tensions between the two nations. U-boats bomb Lusitania, killing US citizens: The sinking of the Lusitania, a British passenger ship, by German U-boats during World War I also played a role in the Spanish-American War. This act of aggression resulted in the loss of American lives and intensified public outrage against Germany, ultimately shaping public opinion in favor of war. Cause #4: Imperialism Cuba getting rid of Spain: The desire to rid Cuba of Spanish colonial rule was not only driven by the aspirations of the Cuban people but also by the United States Mind Map: Spanish American War and WWI Central Idea: Causes and Effects of Spanish American War and WWI Spanish American War Imperialism Cuba getting rid of Spain US taking over Cuba Imperialism in Africa Assistance US wanted to help Cuba gain independence Naval and military bases in Cuba Economic gain More trade routes between South America and US Wanted resources such as sugar and tobacco World War I Militarism Industrial Revolution led to newer weapons Alliances Germany promised to stop bombing passenger ships if US convinced British to leave their borders Nationalism Many US citizens signed up and volunteered to help war efforts Assassination Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary (Moderist) Economic gain US businesses supplied Allied powers, making money Note: This mind map provides a brief overview of the central ideas, main branches, and sub-branches related to the Spanish American War and WWI. It is not an exhaustive representation of all the factors and events involved in these conflicts. Mind Map: Causes and Effects of Spanish American War and WWI Central Idea: Understanding the Complexities of the Spanish American War and WWI Spanish American War The Spanish American War was a significant conflict that arose due to various factors, primarily centered around imperialism and the desire for assistance. Imperialism: A Catalyst for Conflict Cuba's Struggle for Independence: The Spanish American War was triggered by Cuba's fight for independence from Spain. The Cuban people, tired of Spanish colonial rule, sought support from the United States. This struggle for independence was fueled by years of oppression and economic exploitation by the Spanish. US Intervention: The United States, driven by its own imperialistic ambitions, saw an opportunity to expand its influence. By assisting Cuba, the US aimed to establish control over the island and strengthen its presence in the Caribbean. The US government, influenced by the Monroe Doctrine, believed that it was their duty to protect and extend their sphere of influence in the Western Hemisphere. Imperialism Beyond Cuba: The Spanish American War also had implications beyond Cuba. It reflected the broader trend of imperialistic endeavors, as the US sought to expand its dominion not only in the Caribbean but also in Africa. This desire for territorial expansion and access to resources was a common characteristic of the major powers during this time period. Assistance: Motives and Consequences US Support for Cuban Independence: The United States' decision to aid Cuba in its quest for freedom was driven by multiple motives. Firstly, the US sympathized with the Cuban people's desire for self-determination and saw an opportunity to support a fellow nation's struggle for independence. Additionally, the US government recognized the strategic importance of Cuba in terms of trade routes and military positioning. Naval and Military Bases: In addition to supporting Cuba, the United States sought to establish naval and military bases on the island. These strategic locations would enhance the US military presence in the region and secure its economic interests. The US desired to protect its trade routes and ensure the safety of its investments in the Caribbean. Economic Gain: The Spanish American War also had economic implications. The United States aimed to secure more trade routes between South America and itself, facilitating increased commerce. Furthermore, the US desired access to valuable resources such as sugar and tobacco, which were abundant in Cuba. By gaining control over Cuba, the US would have a significant advantage in terms of economic growth and influence in the region World War I World War I was a global conflict that was caused by a combination of factors, including militarism, alliances, nationalism, assassination, and economic gain. Militarism: The Industrial Revolution led to the development of advanced weapons and military technology, which increased the arms race among nations. This militaristic mindset and the desire to demonstrate military power contributed to the outbreak of war. Alliances: The complex system of alliances between European powers created a delicate balance of power. When tensions escalated, these alliances pulled nations into the conflict. For example, Germany promised to stop bombing passenger ships if the US convinced Britain to leave their borders. Nationalism: Strong feelings of nationalism and patriotism fueled the desire for war. Many citizens signed up and volunteered to help their respective countries in the war efforts, believing that their nation's cause was just and worth fighting for. Assassination: The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist was the immediate trigger for the war. This event ignited a series of diplomatic crises and military mobilizations that eventually led to the outbreak of war. Economic Gain: Economic interests also played a significant role in the outbreak of World War I. US businesses supplied the Allied powers, making money from the war. Additionally, controlling territories and resources was seen as a way to secure economic dominance and expand markets. Note: This summary provides a brief overview of the causes of World War I. It is important to note that the war was a complex and multifaceted event with numerous contributing factors. The Spanish-American War was driven by the US's desire to assist Cuba in gaining independence, establish naval and military bases in Cuba, and pursue economic gains such as trade routes and resources like sugar and tobacco. The Spanish-American War, which took place from April to August 1898, was a pivotal event in the history of the United States. It was driven by a multitude of factors that not only encompassed the US's desire to assist Cuba in gaining independence, but also included the establishment of naval and military bases in Cuba, and the pursuit of economic gains such as trade routes and resources like sugar and tobacco. The conflict between Spain and Cuba had been brewing for years, as the Cuban people fought for their independence from Spanish colonial rule. The United States, sympathetic to the cause of the Cubans, saw an opportunity to assert its influence in the region. The US government, under President William McKinley, sought to intervene in the conflict, not only to support the Cuban rebels but also to protect American interests in the Caribbean. In addition to assisting Cuba, the United States had its own strategic interests in mind. The establishment of naval and military bases in Cuba would provide the US with a significant military advantage in the region. The US Navy, with its modern and powerful fleet, was eager to secure bases that would allow for easier access to the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. This would not only enhance the US's ability to project its power globally but also serve as a deterrent to potential adversaries. Furthermore, the pursuit of economic gains played a crucial role in the US's decision to engage in the Spanish-American War. Cuba, with its fertile land and abundant resources, presented lucrative opportunities for American businesses. The US sought to establish trade routes that would facilitate the export of Cuban commodities, such as sugar and tobacco, to American markets. This would not only bolster the US economy but also provide the American people with access to affordable goods. Moving on to World War I, which spanned from 1914 to 1918, it was a conflict that was influenced by a complex web of factors. One of the key factors was the rise of militarism in Europe, as nations engaged in an arms race, constantly seeking to outdo each other in terms of military capabilities. This was fueled by the Industrial Revolution, which had led to advancements in weaponry and the mass production of arms. Additionally, the formation of alliances among the major powers further escalated tensions. The system of alliances created a delicate balance of power, with countries pledging to come to each other's aid in the event of an attack. These alliances created a domino effect, where a conflict between two nations could quickly escalate into a full-scale war involving WWI was influenced by factors such as militarism, the Industrial Revolution leading to advanced weaponry, alliances, and nationalism. Germany made promises regarding passenger ship bombings if the US convinced Britain to leave their borders. Many US citizens volunteered to support the war efforts. President Wilson aimed to create a safer world for democracy and also sought economic gains through US businesses supplying the Allied powers.

Winners and Losers from the First Industrial Age, Patents, Scientific Management, American System of Manufacturing, and Ford's Mass Production

mass production

Chapter 8 - Sourcing and Mass Production

mass production

(Draft) 5.2 Production methods

Mass Production

Reading Comprehension. Read the text about. Today, dedicated followers of fashion look to cities such as New York City, London, Paris and Milan for their inspiration and to buy the latest trends. The fashion scene changes with every season and in many countries, this means that there are four collections – one each for spring, summer, autumn and winter. The concept of fashion trends developed in the 14th century in Europe, but what about fashion in the rest of the world? 2 Early Western travellers going to the East noted that fashion and styles changed slowly in countries such as Persia, India, China and Japan. However, this was not always the case as there was also evidence uncovered during the dynasty of Ming China of rapidly changing fashions in Chinese clothing. History shows us that changes in costume often took place at times of economic or social change, which occurred in ancient Rome and the medieval Arabian Peninsula. Then a long period without major changes would follow. 3 At this time, most weaving, embroidery, cutting and stitching was hand-crafted by skilled craftsmen and seamstresses. Many textiles originated in countries such as China, where exquisite silks were produced and Turkey with its rich history of embroidery and clothing styles influenced by Central Asia and the Far East. Until the mid-nineteenth century, in Europe and America most clothing was therefore custommade by skilled dressmakers and tailors. This meant that following fashion trends was clearly an expensive past-time. 4 In the twentieth century, mechanised production of textiles and the introduction of the sewing machine dramatically changed the way fashionable garments were produced. It led the development of haute couture and, much later, affordable branded clothing which was the offshoot of haute couture. Mass production meant that clothing became much cheaper and more widely available, yet at the same time was easily adapted to meet the designers’ demands. As economies grew and people became more affluent, more people could afford to buy designer clothing across the world. 5 To sum up, fashion is closely interlinked with the history of the world. Periods of rapid change and movement of people influenced the textiles and styles that people chose to wear. Nowadays, people are still extremely conscious about the way they dress for various occasions. Adolescents and young adults feel very strongly about the brands they wear, whether it is for college, partying or sportswear. Their parents feel the same about their own designer labels. There are designer or boutique brands all over the world. In many Asian countries, local designers can charge a small fortune for exclusive bridal wear, wedding attire and other formal wear.

Reading Comprehension. Read the text about. Today, dedicated followers of fashion look to cities such as New York City, London, Paris and Milan for their inspiration and to buy the latest trends. The fashion scene changes with every season and in many countries, this means that there are four collections – one each for spring, summer, autumn and winter. The concept of fashion trends developed in the 14th century in Europe, but what about fashion in the rest of the world? 2 Early Western travellers going to the East noted that fashion and styles changed slowly in countries such as Persia, India, China and Japan. However, this was not always the case as there was also evidence uncovered during the dynasty of Ming China of rapidly changing fashions in Chinese clothing. History shows us that changes in costume often took place at times of economic or social change, which occurred in ancient Rome and the medieval Arabian Peninsula. Then a long period without major changes would follow. 3 At this time, most weaving, embroidery, cutting and stitching was hand-crafted by skilled craftsmen and seamstresses. Many textiles originated in countries such as China, where exquisite silks were produced and Turkey with its rich history of embroidery and clothing styles influenced by Central Asia and the Far East. Until the mid-nineteenth century, in Europe and America most clothing was therefore custommade by skilled dressmakers and tailors. This meant that following fashion trends was clearly an expensive past-time. 4 In the twentieth century, mechanised production of textiles and the introduction of the sewing machine dramatically changed the way fashionable garments were produced. It led the development of haute couture and, much later, affordable branded clothing which was the offshoot of haute couture. Mass production meant that clothing became much cheaper and more widely available, yet at the same time was easily adapted to meet the designers’ demands. As economies grew and people became more affluent, more people could afford to buy designer clothing across the world. 5 To sum up, fashion is closely interlinked with the history of the world. Periods of rapid change and movement of people influenced the textiles and styles that people chose to wear. Nowadays, people are still extremely conscious about the way they dress for various occasions. Adolescents and young adults feel very strongly about the brands they wear, whether it is for college, partying or sportswear. Their parents feel the same about their own designer labels. There are designer or boutique brands all over the world. In many Asian countries, local designers can charge a small fortune for exclusive bridal wear, wedding attire and other formal wear.

5.2 Production methods