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History Final The Railroad: Why were railroads so important for moving west? They fueled westward settlement, spurred the growth of towns, and created massive demand for mass-produced steel and coal, physically connecting rural farmlands to urban factories to build a powerhouse national economy How did they heIp the country change from farming to a factory-based economy? they brought heavy, manufactured factory goods West. The U.S. required unprecedented amounts of steel, iron, coal, and timber. To operate safely and efficiently, they developed professional management hierarchies, advanced accounting, and time zones. Indian Wars: What was the main reason for the fighting between the U.S. government and NativeAmericans in the late 1800s? (Hint: Think about white settlers moving onto their lands). Western expansion . As white settlers and gold prospectors flooded onto Native American lands, the U.S. government forced tribes onto reservations. Forced Change (Assimilation): What was the goal of the Dawes Act? Idea of making civilized land, took away tribe unity What did Indian Boarding Schools force Native American children to do to their culture, hair, and language? to abandon their heritage in a process known as forced assimilation. To become more americanized killing off their culture Big Business & The Gilded Age Rise of Factories: What did the government do (or not do) that allowed giant businesses to grow so fast in the late 1800s? allowed businesses to operate without strict labor, safety, or environmental regulations. The Gilded Age: Why did Mark Twain use the phrase "Gilded Age" to describe this time in history? To describe that while the US was growing and thriving there were many societal issues behind the scenes “Picture perfect front, not back.” What is the difference between a "Captain of Industry" and a "Robber Baron"? Captain of industry (GOOD) Creates jobs, Fair wages, Good working conditions Focus on innovations and new inventions Gives back money to charity, schools, hospitals Robber Baron (BAD) Unfair wages Slows other smaller companies and businesses Buys politicians bribery Famous Bosses&Inventions: Know who Andrew Carnegie(Steel)and John D. Rockefeller (Oil) were. ANDREW CARNEGIE- Scottish American industrialist, made a lot of money in the steel industry, known for giving away money JOHN D ROCKERFELLER- A wealthy American businessman, founded the Standard oil company, became the richest man, using oil. How did electricity change where people could build factories? Electricity liberated factories from needing to be built near bodies of water or coal mines. By utilizing power grids and individual electric motors Unions and Laws: What was the goal of the Interstate Commerce Act? was passed by Congress to regulate the railroad industry, specifically targeting monopolistic practices. Its goal was to ensure fair and reasonable shipping rates, prohibit price discrimination against small businesses and farmers, and establish the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to oversee these operations How did workers use "collective bargaining" to get better rights? Workers utilized collective bargaining through labor unions to negotiate as a unified group with employers over wages, benefits, and working conditions, rather than negotiating individually They would not work until the wage or conditions were raised to be better Immigration: Why did many Americans(Nativists)push back against new immigrants? Many Americans pushed back in fear of losing jobs and getting it taken away from them, because immigrants were willing to do the jobs for less money while they would be doing it for more, hence kicking them out. What was the main goal of the Chinese Exclusion Act? To keep the chinese out because they were taking jobs Mainly stopped them from entering Imperialism (America Expands Overseas) Reasons to Expand: Why did the U.S.want to take over islands and colonies overseas in the late 1800s? The U.S. sought overseas colonies to secure raw materials and new markets for its growing industrial output. Policymakers also desired strategic naval bases Why did some Americans think it was wrong to rule over other people? it directly contradicted the nation's foundational ideals of liberty, democracy, and the "consent of the governed". They believed that subjugating foreign populations violated the core principles of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution Spanish-American War: How did Yellow Journalism (exaggerated news)and the sinking of the U.S.S.Mainestart a war? Yellow journalism started the war because of exaggeration What lands did the U.S.get after winning? the United States acquired Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines China and Latin America: What was the Open Door Policy,and who were the "Boxers" trying to kick out of China? The Open Door Policy (1899) was a U.S. foreign policy stating that all foreign nations should have equal and unhindered trading rights in China. The "Boxers" were members of a secret Chinese society (the Yihetuan) who violently rebelled to expel all Westerners, foreign imperialists, and Christian missionaries from China. Explain the different foreign policies of the presidents: Teddy Roosevelt's "Big Stick" (and theRoosevelt Corollary), William Howard Taft's "Dollar Diplomacy", and Woodrow Wilson's"Moral Diplomacy". TEDDY ROOSEVELT- Theodore Roosevelt operated on the West African proverb, "Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.". His philosophy focused on peaceful negotiation backed by the explicit threat of a powerful military, particularly the U.S. Navy WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT- His policy aimed to "substitute dollars for bullets," using American economic investments to secure diplomatic stability and expand foreign trade WOODROW WILSON - Woodrow Wilson rejected the imperialism of the "Big Stick" and the materialism of "Dollar Diplomacy". His strategy, engineered alongside Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan, aimed to support nations that aligned with American moral values, democracy, and human rights. How did Teddy Roosevelt get the land to build the Panama Canal? After Colombia rejected a U.S. offer to lease the land, Roosevelt dispatched U.S. warships to block Colombian troops, allowing Panama to declare independence in November 1903 The Progressive Era The Goal: What did Progressives believe was threatening democracy and the rights of regular people?(Hint:Think about Big Business). Progressives believed that concentrated corporate power, unchecked monopolies, and corrupt political machines were threatening democracy. They feared this vast wealth allowed Big Business to bypass the democratic process, rig the economy, and exploit regular people Muckrakers: Who were the muckrakers? Muckrakers were investigative journalists of the early 1900’s who exposed misconduct by powerful organizations or people. How did Upton Sinclair's book The Jungle change the way our meat and food are inspected? The animals had to be inspected before slaughter Inspected after slaughter Had to have clean standards Meat had to have a stamp of approval Cannots adulter, no harmful chemicals No misbranding No narcotics Power to the People: How did new voting systems like the initiative,referendum,recall,and direct primary give regular citizens more power in government? Initiative Citizens are adding a proposed law to a ballot.. Citizens became law makers Refederrum State legislatures put a proposed law on the ballot, voters approve or repeal, voters get veto power Recall Voters can remove political officials before their term ends accountability Direct primary shifted the power to choose political candidates from party bosses directly to regular citizens. Presidents &Nature: Who broke or "busted" more trusts:Teddy Roosevelt or William Howard Taft? William Howard Taft did more to regulate monopolies than TR did. He continued a lot of what teddy started. Which president made protecting the environment a national issue? Teddy roosevelt Rights Movements: What was the primary goal of the NAACP? The NAACP stands for National Association for the advancement of colored people. to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of all minority citizens, eliminate race-based discrimination, and ensure the health and well-being of all persons What finally caused women's suffrage(the right to vote) to pass in 1920? Women's suffrage passed in 1920 because decades of tireless grassroots activism and radical protests during the Progressive Era forced President Woodrow Wilson and Congress to act. World War I! Causes of the War: What were the main causes of WWI? (M-A-I-N) Militarism Empires were expensive to build and defend. Each nation wanted stronger armed forces than the enemy which leads to competition. Alliances Secret treaties, Europe was divided by a complex web of mutual defense pacts. The two primary blocks were the Triple Entente (Britain, France, and Russia) and the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy). Imperialism European nations had been building empires and extending economic, and political control. Germany competed with France and Great Britain for colonies. Nationalism Extreme patriotism led to many nations believing that their culture and goals were superior. Why was this war so much more destructive than older wars? Industrialized Weaponry: The advent of the Industrial Revolution allowed for the mass production of highly lethal, mechanized weapons. Innovations like quick-firing artillery, heavy machine guns, poison gas, and tanks drastically increased the rate and scale of casualties Trench Warfare and Attrition: The combination of machine guns and defensive fortifications led to vast, stagnant stalemates. Instead of rapid maneuvers, generals resorted to relentless artillery barrages followed by infantry charges across fortified "no man's land", resulting in massive, grinding losses of life with very little territorial gain U.S.Joins the Fight:Why did the U.S.stop being neutral and join the war? (Hint:Look closely at the Zimmermann Note). Many Americans felt that the U.S. should fight alongside the U.K. and France, and the German submarine sent a Great Britain ship with many Americans on it. Then 2 years later after a worsening relationship we joined and made a secret attempt to turn Mexico against us. The Homefront: What did the Selective Service Act do? Required all men between 21-30 to register for the draft. How did regular Americans support the war effort at home (Liberty Bonds,saving food/energy,Daylight Savings Time)? directly purchasing war bonds, rationing staples like food and fuel, planting Victory Gardens, and observing Daylight Saving Time Free Speech: What did the Sedition Act do to people who spoke out or wrote bad things about the government during the war? Targeted U.S. citizens, including journalists who criticized the act of provoking rebellion. The Peace Treaty: What was Woodrow Wilson's plan for peace called? The fourteen points League of nations is part of the fourteen points Why did the U.S. does the Senate refuse to sign the Treaty of Versailles and refuse to join the League of Nations? constitutional concerns over surrendering Congress's war-making power, a strong desire to avoid permanent foreign entanglements, and bitter partisan clashes between President Woodrow Wilson The Amendments:13-19th Amendments! From the progressive era 16-19th 2 Questions 13th Amendment (1865): Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude nationwide, except as a punishment for a crime. 14th Amendment (1868): Defined national citizenship and guaranteed all citizens "equal protection of the laws". 15th Amendment (1870): Prohibited the government from denying a citizen the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 16th Amendment (1913): Authorized the federal government to collect an income tax. 17th Amendment (1913): Established the direct election of U.S. senators by popular vote, replacing selection by state legislatures. 18th Amendment (1919): Prohibited the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors, launching the era of Prohibition. 19th Amendment (1920): Granted women the right to vote in all local, state, and federal elections Geography: There will be a WORLD MAP on the exam.Think about our Imperialism and WWI units. Imperialism (Late 19th - Early 20th Century) The Scramble for Africa: Pay close attention to the continent of Africa as you will likely need to identify which European powers colonized which regions. Focus on the massive territorial claims of Great Britain and France, as well as Germany's attempts to expand its empire. Asia and the Pacific: Be prepared to locate territories like India, Indochina (French), and the Philippines. You should also identify the emerging imperial power of Japan in East Asia. ⚔️ World War I Europe (1914-1918) Allied Powers: Locate Great Britain, France, Russia, and later the United States and Italy. Central Powers: Identify the core nations of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. The Western Front: Be ready to map the border between France and Germany where the most intense trench warfare took place. The Eastern Front: Locate the border regions between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. The Spark: Find the city of Sarajevo (in Bosnia) on the map, where Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated, igniting the war

: What is the common name for the clavicle? A: Collarbone Q: What is the common name for the scapula? A: Shoulder blade Q: What bone is located in the upper arm? A: Humerus Q: Which forearm bone is lateral (thumb side)? A: Radius Q: Which forearm bone is medial (pinky side)? A: Ulna Q: What structure forms the point of the elbow? A: Olecranon process of the ulna Q: What fossa does the olecranon process fit into? A: Olecranon fossa Carpal Bones Q: How many carpal bones are there? A: 8 Q: Name the proximal row of carpal bones. A: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform Q: Name the distal row of carpal bones. A: Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate Q: What mnemonic helps remember the carpal bones? A: Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle Hand Bones Q: What are the hand bones called? A: Metacarpals Q: What are the three parts of a metacarpal? A: Base, Shaft, Head Q: How many phalanges does the thumb have? A: 2 (Proximal and Distal) Q: How many phalanges do the other fingers have? A: 3 (Proximal, Middle, Distal) Pelvis & Lower Extremity Q: What is the superior portion of the pelvis? A: Ilium Q: What is the anterior pelvic bone? A: Pubis Q: What is the posterior-inferior pelvic bone? A: Ischium Q: What is the large opening in the pelvis called? A: Obturator foramen Q: What is the thigh bone? A: Femur Q: What is the medial lower leg bone? A: Tibia Q: What is the lateral lower leg bone? A: Fibula Q: What is the distal tibia called? A: Medial malleolus Q: What is the distal fibula called? A: Lateral malleolus Q: What ankle bone articulates with both malleoli? A: Talus Q: What is the heel bone called? A: Calcaneus Anatomy Terms Q: What is osteology? A: Study of bones Q: What is arthrology? A: Study of joints Q: What is kinesiology? A: Study of body movement Q: What is another name for a joint? A: Articulation Joints Q: What is a synarthrosis? A: Nonmovable joint Q: Give an example of a synarthrosis. A: Skull suture Q: What type of joint is a tooth? A: Gomphosis Q: What is an amphiarthrosis? A: Slightly movable joint Q: Give an example of an amphiarthrosis. A: Pubic symphysis Q: What is a diarthrosis? A: Freely movable joint Q: What fluid is found inside synovial joints? A: Synovial fluid Q: What type of joint is the shoulder? A: Ball-and-socket Q: What type of joint is the hip? A: Ball-and-socket Q: What type of joint is the elbow? A: Hinge joint Q: What type of joint is the knee? A: Hinge joint Q: What type of joint is the wrist? A: Condyloid joint Q: What type of joint is the thumb? A: Saddle joint Q: What type of joint is found between tarsal bones? A: Gliding joint Ligaments Q: What ligament stabilizes the medial side of the elbow? A: Ulnar collateral ligament Q: What ligament stabilizes the lateral side of the elbow? A: Radial collateral ligament Q: What does ACL stand for? A: Anterior Cruciate Ligament Q: What does PCL stand for? A: Posterior Cruciate Ligament Muscle Tissue Q: What is the muscle cell membrane called? A: Sarcolemma Q: What is the muscle cell cytoplasm called? A: Sarcoplasm Q: What are the contractile organelles called? A: Myofibrils Q: What is the functional unit of muscle contraction? A: Sarcomere Q: What is the thick filament? A: Myosin Q: What is the thin filament? A: Actin Q: What regulatory proteins control contraction? A: Troponin and Tropomyosin Connective Tissue Coverings Q: What surrounds an individual muscle fiber? A: Endomysium Q: What surrounds a fascicle? A: Perimysium Q: What surrounds the entire muscle? A: Epimysium Q: What surrounds groups of muscles? A: Fascia Facial Muscles Q: What muscle closes the eye? A: Orbicularis oculi Q: What muscle opens the eye? A: Levator palpebrae superioris Q: What muscle wrinkles the nose? A: Nasalis Q: What muscle closes the lips? A: Orbicularis oris Q: What muscle is known as the "kissing muscle"? A: Buccinator Q: What muscle causes smiling? A: Zygomaticus major and minor Q: What muscle causes pouting? A: Mentalis Muscle Actions Q: What are muscles that work together called? A: Synergists Q: What are muscles that oppose each other called? A: Antagonists Q: What are muscles that stabilize joints called? A: Fixators (Stabilizers) Q: What is the main muscle performing an action called? A: Prime mover Q: Where does a muscle begin? A: Origin Q: Where does a muscle attach? A: Insertion Q: What is the thick middle portion of a muscle? A: Belly Mastication (Chewing) Muscles Q: What mnemonic helps remember the muscles of mastication? A: TIME Q: What does T stand for in TIME? A: Temporalis Q: What does M stand for in TIME? A: Masseter Q: What does I stand for in TIME? A: Internal (Medial) Pterygoid Q: What does E stand for in TIME? A: External (Lateral) Pterygoid Tongue Muscles Q: What muscle sticks the tongue out? A: Genioglossus Q: What muscle pulls the tongue in? A: Styloglossus Q: What muscle elevates the tongue? A: Palatoglossus Q: What muscle depresses the tongue? A: Hyoglossus Rotator Cuff Q: What mnemonic helps remember the rotator cuff muscles? A: SITS Q: What does S stand for? A: Supraspinatus Q: What does I stand for? A: Infraspinatus Q: What does T stand for? A: Teres Minor Q: What does the second S stand for? A: Subscapularis Q: Which rotator cuff muscle initiates abduction? A: Supraspinatus Lower Limb Muscles Q: What muscle extends the thigh at the hip? A: Gluteus maximus Q: What muscles flex the thigh at the hip? A: Iliacus and Psoas muscles Q: What muscles abduct the thigh? A: Tensor fasciae latae, Gluteus medius, Gluteus minimus Q: What muscles adduct the thigh? A: Adductor longus, brevis, magnus, gracilis, pectineus Quadriceps Q: What is the function of the quadriceps? A: Extend the knee Q: Name the four quadriceps muscles. A: Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus intermedius, Vastus medialis Hamstrings Q: What is the function of the hamstrings? A: Flex the knee Q: Name the hamstring muscles. A: Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus Lower Leg Q: What muscle dorsiflexes the foot? A: Tibialis anterior Q: What muscles plantar flex the foot? A: Gastrocnemius and Soleus Q: What tendon is formed by gastrocnemius and soleus? A: Achilles (Calcaneal) tendon Trunk & Breathing Q: What muscle flexes the trunk? A: Rectus abdominis Q: What muscle extends the trunk? A: Quadratus lumborum Q: What is the primary muscle of breathing? A: Diaphragm Q: What muscles help with inhalation? A: External intercostals Q: What muscles help with exhalation? A: Internal intercostals Muscle Fiber Types Q: Which muscle fibers are best for posture? A: Slow-twitch fibers Q: Which muscle fibers resist fatigue? A: Slow-twitch fibers Q: Which muscle fibers are best for sprinting? A: Fast-twitch A fibers Q: Which muscle fibers contract the fastest? A: Fast-twitch B fibers Blood Q: What is the study of blood called? A: Hematology Q: What is the normal blood pH? A: 7.35–7.45 Q: What percentage of blood is plasma? A: 55% Q: What percentage of blood is formed elements? A: 45% Q: What are red blood cells called? A: Erythrocytes Q: What is the function of red blood cells? A: Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide Q: How long do red blood cells live? A: 120 days Q: What are white blood cells called? A: Leukocytes Q: What is the function of white blood cells? A: Fight infection Q: What are platelets also called? A: Thrombocytes Q: What is the function of platelets? A: Blood clotting Q: How long do platelets live? A: 5–9 days Blood Clotting Q: What is hemostasis? A: Stoppage of blood loss Q: What is a thrombus? A: A blood clot Q: What is thrombosis? A: Formation of a clot in an unbroken vessel Q: What is an embolus? A: A traveling clot Q: What is an embolism? A: Blockage caused by an embolus Blood Types Q: What antigens are found on Type A blood? A: A antigens Q: What antibodies are found in Type A blood? A: Anti-B antibodies Q: What antigens are found on Type B blood? A: B antigens Q: What antibodies are found in Type B blood? A: Anti-A antibodies Q: What antigens are found on Type AB blood? A: A and B antigens Q: What antibodies are found in Type AB blood? A: None Q: What antigens are found on Type O blood? A: None Q: What antibodies are found in Type O blood? A: Anti-A and Anti-B Q: What is the universal donor? A: O Negative Q: What is the universal receiver? A: AB Positive Last-Minute Memorization Set Q: Radius = ? A: Thumb side Q: Ulna = ? A: Pinky side Q: Heel bone = ? A: Calcaneus Q: Study of bones = ? A: Osteology Q: Study of joints = ? A: Arthrology Q: Study of movement = ? A: Kinesiology Q: Rotator cuff mnemonic = ? A: SITS Q: Chewing muscles mnemonic = ? A: TIME Q: Universal donor = ? A: O- Q: Universal receiver = ? A: AB+ Q: Blood pH = ? A: 7.35–7.45 Q: RBC lifespan = ? A: 120 days Q: Platelet lifespan = ? A: 5–9 days Q: Main breathing muscle = ? A: Diaphragm Q: Knee extensors = ? A: Quadriceps Q: Knee flexors = ? A: Hamstrings