: What is the common name for the clavicle? A: Collarbone Q: What is the common name for the scapula? A: Shoulder blade Q: What bone is located in the upper arm? A: Humerus Q: Which forearm bone is lateral (thumb side)? A: Radius Q: Which forearm bone is medial (pinky side)? A: Ulna Q: What structure forms the point of the elbow? A: Olecranon process of the ulna Q: What fossa does the olecranon process fit into? A: Olecranon fossa Carpal Bones Q: How many carpal bones are there? A: 8 Q: Name the proximal row of carpal bones. A: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform Q: Name the distal row of carpal bones. A: Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate Q: What mnemonic helps remember the carpal bones? A: Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle Hand Bones Q: What are the hand bones called? A: Metacarpals Q: What are the three parts of a metacarpal? A: Base, Shaft, Head Q: How many phalanges does the thumb have? A: 2 (Proximal and Distal) Q: How many phalanges do the other fingers have? A: 3 (Proximal, Middle, Distal) Pelvis & Lower Extremity Q: What is the superior portion of the pelvis? A: Ilium Q: What is the anterior pelvic bone? A: Pubis Q: What is the posterior-inferior pelvic bone? A: Ischium Q: What is the large opening in the pelvis called? A: Obturator foramen Q: What is the thigh bone? A: Femur Q: What is the medial lower leg bone? A: Tibia Q: What is the lateral lower leg bone? A: Fibula Q: What is the distal tibia called? A: Medial malleolus Q: What is the distal fibula called? A: Lateral malleolus Q: What ankle bone articulates with both malleoli? A: Talus Q: What is the heel bone called? A: Calcaneus Anatomy Terms Q: What is osteology? A: Study of bones Q: What is arthrology? A: Study of joints Q: What is kinesiology? A: Study of body movement Q: What is another name for a joint? A: Articulation Joints Q: What is a synarthrosis? A: Nonmovable joint Q: Give an example of a synarthrosis. A: Skull suture Q: What type of joint is a tooth? A: Gomphosis Q: What is an amphiarthrosis? A: Slightly movable joint Q: Give an example of an amphiarthrosis. A: Pubic symphysis Q: What is a diarthrosis? A: Freely movable joint Q: What fluid is found inside synovial joints? A: Synovial fluid Q: What type of joint is the shoulder? A: Ball-and-socket Q: What type of joint is the hip? A: Ball-and-socket Q: What type of joint is the elbow? A: Hinge joint Q: What type of joint is the knee? A: Hinge joint Q: What type of joint is the wrist? A: Condyloid joint Q: What type of joint is the thumb? A: Saddle joint Q: What type of joint is found between tarsal bones? A: Gliding joint Ligaments Q: What ligament stabilizes the medial side of the elbow? A: Ulnar collateral ligament Q: What ligament stabilizes the lateral side of the elbow? A: Radial collateral ligament Q: What does ACL stand for? A: Anterior Cruciate Ligament Q: What does PCL stand for? A: Posterior Cruciate Ligament Muscle Tissue Q: What is the muscle cell membrane called? A: Sarcolemma Q: What is the muscle cell cytoplasm called? A: Sarcoplasm Q: What are the contractile organelles called? A: Myofibrils Q: What is the functional unit of muscle contraction? A: Sarcomere Q: What is the thick filament? A: Myosin Q: What is the thin filament? A: Actin Q: What regulatory proteins control contraction? A: Troponin and Tropomyosin Connective Tissue Coverings Q: What surrounds an individual muscle fiber? A: Endomysium Q: What surrounds a fascicle? A: Perimysium Q: What surrounds the entire muscle? A: Epimysium Q: What surrounds groups of muscles? A: Fascia Facial Muscles Q: What muscle closes the eye? A: Orbicularis oculi Q: What muscle opens the eye? A: Levator palpebrae superioris Q: What muscle wrinkles the nose? A: Nasalis Q: What muscle closes the lips? A: Orbicularis oris Q: What muscle is known as the "kissing muscle"? A: Buccinator Q: What muscle causes smiling? A: Zygomaticus major and minor Q: What muscle causes pouting? A: Mentalis Muscle Actions Q: What are muscles that work together called? A: Synergists Q: What are muscles that oppose each other called? A: Antagonists Q: What are muscles that stabilize joints called? A: Fixators (Stabilizers) Q: What is the main muscle performing an action called? A: Prime mover Q: Where does a muscle begin? A: Origin Q: Where does a muscle attach? A: Insertion Q: What is the thick middle portion of a muscle? A: Belly Mastication (Chewing) Muscles Q: What mnemonic helps remember the muscles of mastication? A: TIME Q: What does T stand for in TIME? A: Temporalis Q: What does M stand for in TIME? A: Masseter Q: What does I stand for in TIME? A: Internal (Medial) Pterygoid Q: What does E stand for in TIME? A: External (Lateral) Pterygoid Tongue Muscles Q: What muscle sticks the tongue out? A: Genioglossus Q: What muscle pulls the tongue in? A: Styloglossus Q: What muscle elevates the tongue? A: Palatoglossus Q: What muscle depresses the tongue? A: Hyoglossus Rotator Cuff Q: What mnemonic helps remember the rotator cuff muscles? A: SITS Q: What does S stand for? A: Supraspinatus Q: What does I stand for? A: Infraspinatus Q: What does T stand for? A: Teres Minor Q: What does the second S stand for? A: Subscapularis Q: Which rotator cuff muscle initiates abduction? A: Supraspinatus Lower Limb Muscles Q: What muscle extends the thigh at the hip? A: Gluteus maximus Q: What muscles flex the thigh at the hip? A: Iliacus and Psoas muscles Q: What muscles abduct the thigh? A: Tensor fasciae latae, Gluteus medius, Gluteus minimus Q: What muscles adduct the thigh? A: Adductor longus, brevis, magnus, gracilis, pectineus Quadriceps Q: What is the function of the quadriceps? A: Extend the knee Q: Name the four quadriceps muscles. A: Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus intermedius, Vastus medialis Hamstrings Q: What is the function of the hamstrings? A: Flex the knee Q: Name the hamstring muscles. A: Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus Lower Leg Q: What muscle dorsiflexes the foot? A: Tibialis anterior Q: What muscles plantar flex the foot? A: Gastrocnemius and Soleus Q: What tendon is formed by gastrocnemius and soleus? A: Achilles (Calcaneal) tendon Trunk & Breathing Q: What muscle flexes the trunk? A: Rectus abdominis Q: What muscle extends the trunk? A: Quadratus lumborum Q: What is the primary muscle of breathing? A: Diaphragm Q: What muscles help with inhalation? A: External intercostals Q: What muscles help with exhalation? A: Internal intercostals Muscle Fiber Types Q: Which muscle fibers are best for posture? A: Slow-twitch fibers Q: Which muscle fibers resist fatigue? A: Slow-twitch fibers Q: Which muscle fibers are best for sprinting? A: Fast-twitch A fibers Q: Which muscle fibers contract the fastest? A: Fast-twitch B fibers Blood Q: What is the study of blood called? A: Hematology Q: What is the normal blood pH? A: 7.35–7.45 Q: What percentage of blood is plasma? A: 55% Q: What percentage of blood is formed elements? A: 45% Q: What are red blood cells called? A: Erythrocytes Q: What is the function of red blood cells? A: Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide Q: How long do red blood cells live? A: 120 days Q: What are white blood cells called? A: Leukocytes Q: What is the function of white blood cells? A: Fight infection Q: What are platelets also called? A: Thrombocytes Q: What is the function of platelets? A: Blood clotting Q: How long do platelets live? A: 5–9 days Blood Clotting Q: What is hemostasis? A: Stoppage of blood loss Q: What is a thrombus? A: A blood clot Q: What is thrombosis? A: Formation of a clot in an unbroken vessel Q: What is an embolus? A: A traveling clot Q: What is an embolism? A: Blockage caused by an embolus Blood Types Q: What antigens are found on Type A blood? A: A antigens Q: What antibodies are found in Type A blood? A: Anti-B antibodies Q: What antigens are found on Type B blood? A: B antigens Q: What antibodies are found in Type B blood? A: Anti-A antibodies Q: What antigens are found on Type AB blood? A: A and B antigens Q: What antibodies are found in Type AB blood? A: None Q: What antigens are found on Type O blood? A: None Q: What antibodies are found in Type O blood? A: Anti-A and Anti-B Q: What is the universal donor? A: O Negative Q: What is the universal receiver? A: AB Positive Last-Minute Memorization Set Q: Radius = ? A: Thumb side Q: Ulna = ? A: Pinky side Q: Heel bone = ? A: Calcaneus Q: Study of bones = ? A: Osteology Q: Study of joints = ? A: Arthrology Q: Study of movement = ? A: Kinesiology Q: Rotator cuff mnemonic = ? A: SITS Q: Chewing muscles mnemonic = ? A: TIME Q: Universal donor = ? A: O- Q: Universal receiver = ? A: AB+ Q: Blood pH = ? A: 7.35–7.45 Q: RBC lifespan = ? A: 120 days Q: Platelet lifespan = ? A: 5–9 days Q: Main breathing muscle = ? A: Diaphragm Q: Knee extensors = ? A: Quadriceps Q: Knee flexors = ? A: Hamstrings

Clavicle

Commonly known as the collarbone.

Scapula

Commonly known as the shoulder blade.

Humerus

The bone located in the upper arm.

Radius

The lateral (thumb side) forearm bone.

Ulna

The medial (pinky side) forearm bone.

Olecranon process

The structure that forms the point of the elbow.

Olecranon fossa

The fossa that the olecranon process fits into.

Carpal bones

There are 8 carpal bones.

Proximal row of carpal bones

Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform.

Distal row of carpal bones

Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate.

Mnemonic for carpal bones

Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle.

Metacarpals

The bones of the hand.

Parts of a metacarpal

Base, Shaft, Head.

Phalanges in thumb

The thumb has 2 phalanges (Proximal and Distal).

Phalanges in other fingers

The other fingers have 3 phalanges (Proximal, Middle, Distal).

Ilium

The superior portion of the pelvis.

Pubis

The anterior pelvic bone.

Ischium

The posterior-inferior pelvic bone.

Obturator foramen

The large opening in the pelvis.

Femur

The thigh bone.

Tibia

The medial lower leg bone.

Fibula

The lateral lower leg bone.

Medial malleolus

The distal tibia.

Lateral malleolus

The distal fibula.

Talus

The ankle bone that articulates with both malleoli.

Calcaneus

The heel bone.

Osteology

The study of bones.

Arthrology

The study of joints.

Kinesiology

The study of body movement.

Articulation

Another name for a joint.

Synarthrosis

A nonmovable joint.

Example of synarthrosis

Skull suture.

Gomphosis

The type of joint a tooth is.

Amphiarthrosis

A slightly movable joint.

Example of amphiarthrosis

Pubic symphysis.

Diarthrosis

A freely movable joint.

Synovial fluid

The fluid found inside synovial joints.

Ball-and-socket joint

Type of joint found in the shoulder and hip.

Hinge joint

Type of joint found in the elbow and knee.

Condyloid joint

Type of joint found in the wrist.

Saddle joint

Type of joint found in the thumb.

Gliding joint

Type of joint found between tarsal bones.

Ulnar collateral ligament

The ligament that stabilizes the medial side of the elbow.

Radial collateral ligament

The ligament that stabilizes the lateral side of the elbow.

ACL

Anterior Cruciate Ligament.

PCL

Posterior Cruciate Ligament.

Sarcolemma

The muscle cell membrane.

Sarcoplasm

The muscle cell cytoplasm.

Myofibrils

The contractile organelles in muscle cells.

Sarcomere

The functional unit of muscle contraction.

Myosin

The thick filament in muscle fibers.

Actin

The thin filament in muscle fibers.

Troponin and Tropomyosin

Regulatory proteins that control muscle contraction.

Endomysium

The tissue that surrounds an individual muscle fiber.

Perimysium

The tissue that surrounds a fascicle.

Epimysium

The tissue that surrounds the entire muscle.

Fascia

The connective tissue that surrounds groups of muscles.

Orbicularis oculi

The muscle that closes the eye.

Levator palpebrae superioris

The muscle that opens the eye.

Nasalis

The muscle that wrinkles the nose.

Orbicularis oris

The muscle that closes the lips.

Buccinator

The muscle known as the 'kissing muscle'.

Zygomaticus major and minor

Muscles that cause smiling.

Mentalis

The muscle that causes pouting.

Synergists

Muscles that work together.

Antagonists

Muscles that oppose each other.

Fixators

Muscles that stabilize joints.

Prime mover

The main muscle performing an action.

Origin

Where a muscle begins.

Insertion

Where a muscle attaches.

Belly

The thick middle portion of a muscle.

Mnemonic for mastication muscles

TIME.

T in TIME

Temporalis.

M in TIME

Masseter.

I in TIME

Internal (Medial) Pterygoid.

E in TIME

External (Lateral) Pterygoid.

Genioglossus

The muscle that sticks the tongue out.

Styloglossus

The muscle that pulls the tongue in.

Palatoglossus

The muscle that elevates the tongue.

Hyoglossus

The muscle that depresses the tongue.

Mnemonic for rotator cuff muscles

SITS.

S in SITS

Supraspinatus.

I in SITS

Infraspinatus.

T in SITS

Teres Minor.

Second S in SITS

Subscapularis.

Gluteus maximus

The muscle that extends the thigh at the hip.

Iliacus and Psoas muscles

Muscles that flex the thigh at the hip.

Tensor fasciae latae, Gluteus medius, Gluteus minimus

Muscles that abduct the thigh.

Adductor longus, brevis, magnus, gracilis, pectineus

Muscles that adduct the thigh.

Function of quadriceps

To extend the knee.

Quadriceps muscles

Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus intermedius, Vastus medialis.

Function of hamstrings

To flex the knee.

Hamstring muscles

Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus.

Tibialis anterior

The muscle that dorsiflexes the foot.

Gastrocnemius and Soleus

Muscles that plantar flex the foot.

Achilles tendon

The tendon formed by gastrocnemius and soleus.

Rectus abdominis

The muscle that flexes the trunk.

Quadratus lumborum

The muscle that extends the trunk.

Diaphragm

The primary muscle of breathing.

External intercostals

Muscles that help with inhalation.