Results for "hydrophobic"

BIOC 503 - Fatty Acids

Non-polar Hydrophobic Amino Acids

Lecture 1 - Structure, function, thermodynamics, hydrophobic effect

BIOC503 - Protein Strcuture

Concept 5.3: Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules

Dependant/ independent variables Independent- The variable being manipulated Dependant- The observed result of the independent variable being manipulated 3 Domains Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Archae 3 Types of Relationships Commensalism Parasitism Mutualism Scientific Hypothesis an idea that proposes a tentative explanation about a phenomenon or a narrow set of phenomena observed in the natural world. Difference between Archea/ Bacteria Archaea consists of three RNA whereas bacteria consists of single RNA. Quantitative/ Qualitative data Quantitative data is numbers-based, countable, or measurable Qualitative data is interpretation-based, descriptive, and related to language. Homeostasis Balance of the body Controlled Experiment In a controlled experiment, all extraneous variables are held constant so that they can't influence the results. Difference between Hydrophobic/ Hydrophilic Any substance that repels water Any substance that has an affinity for water Protons/ electrons/ neutron Protons- a subatomic particle with a positive electric charge Electrons- a negatively charged subatomic particle that can be either bound to an atom or free (not bound). Neutron- an uncharged atomic particle that has a mass nearly equal to that of the proton and is present in all known atomic nuclei except the hydrogen nucleus What a cation/ Anion Cations are ions that are positively charged. Anions are ions that are negatively charged. Isomers Chemical compounds that have identical chemical formulae but differ in properties and the arrangement of atoms in the molecule Picture of elements/ what's on valence electrons Valence electrons have negatively charged particles How many valence electrons are in shells 8 electrons What are examples of trace elements? zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), selenium (Se), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), iodine (I), manganese (Mn), and molybdenum (Mo). Different types of Bonds Covalent Bonds- one or more electrons shared between atoms Non-polar covalent: electrons are shared equally between nuclei Polar covalent- electrons shared equally between the nuclei Ionic Bonds- one or more electrons transformed from one to another Hydrogen Bonds- a weak bond between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative oxygen atom Cohesion/ Adhesion Cohesion- the attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind Adhesion- the sticking of molecules or surfaces to each other Radioactive Isotopes, Why are they used Radioisotopes are an essential part of medical diagnostic procedures. In combination with imaging devices that register the gamma rays emitted from within, they can be used for imaging to study the dynamic processes taking place in various parts of the body. Why is Water Important Water's role as a solvent helps cells transport and use substances like oxygen or nutrients. Properties of Water Water is polar Water is a solvent Water is less dense as a solid than a liquid What are reactions a process that converts one or more substances to another substance. .Why are trace elements important? function primarily as catalysts in enzyme systems What are Buffers Substances in the cells that help maintain a relatively stable pH What is the pH scale? a measure of how acidic/basic water is Find the molecular mass of something Atomic weight on the periodic table is equal to moles #/1m = x/ desired # moles Functional groups The shape of molecules directly affects their function Types of atoms, bonds A specific arrangement of atoms Difference between Hydraullisis/ Dehydration Dehydration- removes a water molecule from a new bond Hydrolysis- add a water molecule, breaking a bond Differentiate between Polymers/ Monomers A monomer is a molecule with low molecular weight that can combine with others of the same kind to form a chemical compound known as a polymer Different types of Proteins/ enzymes antibodies, contractile proteins, enzymes, hormonal proteins, structural proteins, storage proteins, and transport proteins Difference between plants and animals Plants are not mobile and animals are Cell membrane components Phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids, lipid bilayer, membrane proteins

Water Solubility, Polarity, and Hydrophobicity in Drug Chemistry

Hydrophilic vs Hydrophobic Molecules and Water Properties

BIOC 503 - Water Lecture 1

Amino Acids - Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic

Concept 5.3: lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules

Amino Acids (Acidic vs. Basic / Hydrophilic vs. Hydrophobic)

Amino Acids with hydrophobic sidechains

hydrophobic amino acids

L4-Lipids and Hydrophobic effect-BC

Key Concepts: Cell Theory, Cell Structure & Function, Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic, Cell Membrane, Microscopes, Passive vs. Active Transport, Diffusion, Osmosis, Energy (Potential vs. Kinetic), Photosynthesis & Cell Respiration (Aerobic vs. Anaerobic), Fermentation (Lactic Acid & Alcoholic) 1. Describe one similarity and one difference between the two terms in each of the following pairs: a. Eukaryote, prokaryote Eukaryote: Has a membrane-bound nucleus in the cell Prokaryote: No nucleus, DNA free-floating in the cell, can have flagellum Both: have cell membranes, have DNA, have ribosomes b. Cell wall, cell membrane Cell wall: rigid, not as flexible, more selective (harder for things to pass through) Cell membrane: fluid, flexible, selectively permeable Both: enclose cell, facilitate what goes in/out of cell c. Diffusion, facilitated diffusion Diffusion: movement of particles from high to low concentration Facilitated diffusion: movement of particles through channel proteins Both: are passive transport (no energy required), particles move from HIGH to LOW 2. Describe the structure of a phospholipid bilayer. There are 2 layers of phospholipids (consisting of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails) 3. Explain the following diagram using the terms: diffusion, cell membrane, low concentration, energy, high concentration. The water molecules are moving across the cell membrane to reach a state of equilibrium. The molecules move from HIGH to LOW concentration, so they move downwards across the membrane. This is an example of diffusion, or passive transport - this does not require energy because it is fueled by the difference in concentrations. 4a. What is the microscope magnification of the eye piece? scanning? low power? high power? ● Eye piece = 10x ● Scanning = 4x ● Low power = 10x ● High power = 40x b. If you were looking at an onion cell using the high power lens, what is the TOTAL MAGNIFICATION at which you are looking at the cell? High power = 40x Eye piece = 10x 40 x 10 = 400x Your total magnification would be 400x using the higher power objective lens. 5. Identify the difference between hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions: A = isotonic B = hypotonic C = hypertonic 6. How is active transport different from diffusion and facilitated diffusion? ● Active Transport = requires energy, molecules are forced AGAINST the gradient from LOW to HIGH concentration ● Diffusion = does not require energy, molecules move from HIGH to low concentration ● Facilitated diffusion = does not require energy, molecules move from HIGH to low concentration, but it requires the help of channel proteins (typically larger molecules) 7. Explain what is happening in the following picture. This is an example of ENDOCYTOSIS (Active Transport) - there is a chemical/nutrients being taken into the cell when it’s engulfed by the cell membrane (becomes a vesicle). 8. What is the difference between potential and kinetic energy? Give an example of each. a. Poyential energy - stored energy; e.g,glucose, a ball at the topof ahill b. Kinetic energy - energy of motion e.g., a car onthe freeway 9. Write out the full chemical reaction for PHOTOSYNTHESIS. What organelle is responsible for this? Chloroplast 10. Write out the full chemical reaction for CELL RESPIRATION. What organelle is responsible for this? Mitochondria 11. If we are at 400X magnification (field diameter is 450 micrometers), and there are 10 cells that fit across the diameter of what we’re seeing, what is the estimated size of ONE cell? 450 nanometers / 10 cells = 45 nanometers per cell 12. What is the role of the stomata? What is the role of the guard cells? Stomata role isgas exchange to let oxygen and carbondioxide pass through, as needed for key processes such as photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Guard cells arepairs of cells that surround the stomata and controlgas exchange by regulatingthe openingand closure of stomata. 13. What would cause guard cells to swell and open stomata? What would cause guard cells to shrink and close stomata? → Whentheplanthas anexcess of water, theguard cells swell and create anopeningfor the exchange ofgas → Whentheplanthas a lack of water, theguard cells shrink and close the openingfor the exchange ofgas 14. In fermentation, what relationship exists between the amount of available sugar and amount of carbon dioxide produced? → As more sugar is available, there will be more fermentationthathappens, and more carbondioxideproduced → There is a direct relationshipbetweenthose two factors 15. List the # of ATP produced by each of the following: Glycolysis = 2 ATP Krebs = 2 ATP ElectronTransport = 34 ATP 16. Explain one example of lactic acid fermentation. Explain one example of alcoholic fermentation. a. Lactic acid fermentation- heating milk and combiningit withtwo live bacteria cultures, resultinginthe bacteria breakingdownthe sugars in milk and releasinglactic acid (distinct tart/sour taste) b. Alcoholic fermentation- yeast and bacteria beingadded to tea and fruit (sugar), resultinginkombucha withethanol and carbondioxide bubbles

20 Amino Acids, Polarity, Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic

Amino Acids, Start & Stop Codons, and Hydrophobic, hydrophilic

Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Amino Acids

Properties of Water +(Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Substances)