Which of the following was an economic policy of Louis XIV's finance minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert? C. Establishing detailed manufacturing codes to improve the quality of French export goods Which of the following best summarizes the advice given by Frederick William in the first paragraph? D. Helping the people will strengthen the state Which of the following best summarizes the advice given by Frederick William in the second paragraph? Cultivate good relations with your neighbors in case of disputes. Which of the following best summarizes the advice given by Frederick William in the third paragraph? C. Alliances are useful but a state should rely on its own strength The system of intendants was established in seventeenth-century France primarily to B. implement royal policies locally The event shown in the engraving is associated with the development of which of the following forms of government in Europe in the seventeenth century? A. Absolutism The depiction of the scene in the engraving best illustrates which of the following aspects of the French aristocracy under Louis XIV's rule? A. The maintenance of the aristocracy's privileged social position Military operations such as the one shown in the engraving were most strongly supported by which of the following features of Louis XIV's government? B. The creation of a strong centralized system of taxation and state finance Which of the following represents the final defeat of efforts by the Ottoman Empire to acquire large areas of central Europe? d. The siege of Vienna (1683) The Russian woodcut above (about 1698) symbolizes Peter the Great's c. imposition of Western values on the Russian nobility The establishment and growth of St. Petersburg during the early eighteenth century was part of Peter the Great's attempt to do which of the following? C. Remake Russian institutions to be as effective as those in Western Europe Which of the following best describes the claim communicated by the artist about the Peace of Westphalia? D. The treaty would lead to a new period of peace and prosperity. The artist's statement that the kings of France, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire "stand united" most clearly suggests that A. he hoped the Peace of Westphalia would bring the rival Catholic powers back together The presence of Bellona and the statement that "the people are obedient under you, o great Philip" best support the argument that the artist B. wished to portray the Catholic Habsburgs as the victors "Kings are justly called gods for that they exercise a manner or resemblance of Divine power upon Earth." Which of the following was most likely to agree with this statement? B. James I of England The "malicious words" attributed to the accused best illustrate which of the following developments in England in the late seventeenth century? C. The ongoing tensions between Parliament and the Crown over the limits of royal authority. Michael Ferrer's defense best illustrates which of the following? B. The Protestant victory in the Glorious Revolution The outcome of the trial best illustrates which of the following (Michael Ferrer)? A. The protection of the rights of the gentry and aristocracy from monarchical power The cartoon above from sev

Spanish 3 Honors - Spanish Vocabulary of Nuestra America, Autobiografia de un esclavo, y La fiesta del arbol

englais 2

englais

Modern Civilizations — Semester 2 Exam Study Guide Exam Date: May 22 Format: Bubble Sheet Questions: 123 total • 50 Vocabulary/Matching • 50 Multiple Choice • 16 Map Skills • 7 Document-Based Questions ⸻ SECTION A — GEOGRAPHY SKILLS Key Vocabulary Cardinal Directions • North • South • East • West Shown on a compass rose. Intermediate Directions • Northeast • Northwest • Southeast • Southwest Latitude Imaginary lines that run east-west and measure distance north or south of the Equator. Longitude Imaginary lines that run north-south and measure distance east or west of the Prime Meridian. Projection A flat map representation of Earth. Scale Shows distance on a map. Distortion When map shapes, sizes, or distances are changed because Earth is round. ⸻ 5 Themes of Geography 1. Location Where a place is. 2. Place What a place is like. 3. Movement How people, goods, and ideas move. 4. Region An area with common features. 5. Human-Environment Interaction How people affect and adapt to the environment. ⸻ Continents & Oceans 7 Continents • North America • South America • Europe • Asia • Africa • Australia • Antarctica 5 Oceans • Pacific • Atlantic • Indian • Arctic • Southern ⸻ CHAPTER 23 — SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION & AGE OF EXPLORATION Section 1 — Scientific Revolution Key Vocabulary Geocentric Theory Earth is the center of the universe. Heliocentric Theory The sun is the center of the solar system. Elliptical Oval-shaped planetary orbits. Scientific Method Organized process of observation, testing, and experimentation. Scientific Rationalism Using reason and logic to understand the world. ⸻ Important People Galileo Galilei Used a telescope to support heliocentric theory. Isaac Newton Developed laws of motion and gravity. Nicolaus Copernicus Proposed heliocentric theory. René Descartes Believed truth comes through reason. Robert Hooke Studied cells using microscopes. Sir Francis Bacon Promoted experimentation and observation. ⸻ Comprehension & Concepts Educational ideas Muslim scholars adopted from India • Mathematics • Astronomy • Number system (including zero) How were cells discovered? Scientists used microscopes to observe tiny living structures. Who led the study of cells? Robert Hooke ⸻ Section 2 — The Age of Exploration Key Vocabulary Caravel Fast, maneuverable sailing ship used by explorers. Colony Land controlled by another country. Exploit To use resources for benefit or profit. Quinine Medicine used against malaria. Rivalry Competition between nations. Smallpox Deadly disease spread to Native Americans. ⸻ Important People & Places Christopher Columbus Sailed for Spain and reached the Americas in 1492. Columbian Exchange Transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and ideas between Europe and the Americas. Dutch East India Company Controlled trade in Asia. Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile Sponsored Columbus’s voyage. Prince Henry the Navigator Encouraged Portuguese exploration. ⸻ Comprehension & Concepts Who was Prince Henry the Navigator? A Portuguese prince who funded exploration schools, maps, and voyages. Why was the Caravel important? • Faster ship • Easier to steer • Could sail against the wind • Allowed longer ocean voyages ⸻ Section 3 — European Empires Key Vocabulary Conquistador Spanish conqueror in the Americas. Plantation Large farm using forced labor. Racism Belief that one race is superior. Triangular Trade Trade route connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Middle Passage Brutal voyage transporting enslaved Africans to the Americas. ⸻ Important People & Places Atahualpa Last Inca emperor defeated by Spain. Francisco Pizarro Conquered the Inca Empire. Hernán Cortés Conquered the Aztec Empire. Pedro Álvares Cabral Claimed Brazil for Portugal. Tenochtitlan Capital of the Aztec Empire. ⸻ Comprehension & Concepts Describe the invasion of Mexico • Hernán Cortés led Spanish conquistadors. • The Aztecs were led by Montezuma. • Spanish had guns, horses, steel weapons, and Native allies. • Smallpox weakened the Aztecs. Conditions of the Middle Passage • Crowded ships • Disease • Starvation • Abuse and death Achievements of Portugal • Explored African coast • Opened sea routes to Asia • Built trading empire ⸻ CHAPTER 24 — ENLIGHTENMENT & REVOLUTIONS Section 1 — The Age of Reason Key Vocabulary Absolute Monarch King or queen with total power. Divine Right Belief that rulers receive power from God. Natural Rights Basic rights all people are born with. Enlightened Despot Ruler who accepted Enlightenment ideas. Laissez-faire Government should not interfere in economy. Free Enterprise Businesses operate with little government control. Philosophe French Enlightenment thinker. ⸻ Important People John Locke Believed people have natural rights. Montesquieu Supported separation of powers. Voltaire Supported freedom of speech and religion. Jean-Jacques Rousseau Believed government should follow the will of the people. Mary Wollstonecraft Supported women’s rights and education. Adam Smith Wrote about free-market economics. Louis XIV Example of an absolute monarch. Catherine the Great Enlightened despot of Russia. Frederick the Great Enlightened ruler. Joseph II Made reforms based on Enlightenment ideas. ⸻ Comprehension & Concepts What group applied science ideas to government? The philosophes. Why did philosophes think justice systems were unfair? Punishments were cruel and laws treated social classes unequally. ⸻ Section 2 — Revolutions on Three Continents Key Vocabulary Bourgeoisie Middle class. Jacobins Radical French Revolution group. Declaration of Independence American colonies’ statement of freedom from Britain. Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen French document declaring equality and rights. ⸻ Important People Thomas Jefferson Main writer of the Declaration of Independence. Louis XVI French king executed during the Revolution. Napoleon Bonaparte Rose to power after the French Revolution. Simón Bolívar Helped liberate Venezuela and other nations. José de San Martín Helped free South American countries from Spain. Toussaint Louverture Led Haitian independence movement. ⸻ Comprehension & Concepts Who fought for Venezuela’s independence? Simón Bolívar Why were the Articles of Confederation replaced? The national government was too weak. ⸻ CHAPTER 25 — INDUSTRIALIZATION, NATIONALISM & IMPERIALISM Section 1 — Industrial Revolution Key Vocabulary Industrialize Develop factories and machines. Urbanization Growth of cities. Labor Union Workers organized for better conditions. Push-Pull Factor Reasons people leave or move to places. Socialism Government control of economy to help society. Communism Classless society where property is shared. Woman Suffrage Women’s right to vote. ⸻ Important People Eli Whitney Invented the cotton gin. Karl Marx Created communist ideas. Ellis Island Main immigration station in the U.S. ⸻ Comprehension & Concepts Three ways Industrial Revolution changed society • More factories • Urbanization • Faster transportation • More goods produced • Growth of middle class Push factors affecting immigration • Poverty • Famine • War • Lack of jobs ⸻ Section 2 — Nationalism Around the World Key Vocabulary Nationalism Strong pride and loyalty to one’s nation. Nation-State Country with one national identity. Militarism Building up armed forces. Republic Government where citizens elect leaders. Dictator Leader with total control. ⸻ Important People Otto von Bismarck Unified Germany under Prussian leadership. Giuseppe Garibaldi Helped unify Italy. Meiji Emperor Led modernization of Japan. ⸻ Comprehension & Concepts Problems after Latin American independence • Political instability • Weak economies • Dictatorships • Social inequality Who unified Germany? Otto von Bismarck How did the Meiji Restoration transform Japan? • Modern industry • Modern military • Western education and technology ⸻ Section 3 — The New Imperialism Key Vocabulary Imperialism Strong nations taking control of weaker regions. Direct Rule Foreign country controls government directly. Missionary Person spreading religion. Sepoy Indian soldier serving Britain. Raj British rule in India. ⸻ Important Places & Events Berlin Conference European nations divided Africa. East India Company Controlled trade and territory in India. French Indochina French-controlled region in Asia. ⸻ CHAPTER 26 — WORLD AT WAR Section 1 — World at War Key Vocabulary Alliance Agreement between countries for support. Stalemate No side can win. Trench Warfare Fighting from dug trenches. U-boat German submarine. Bolsheviks Russian revolutionary communist group. Treaty of Versailles Treaty ending WWI. Triple Alliance Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy. Triple Entente Britain, France, Russia. League of Nations International peace organization after WWI. ⸻ Important People Vladimir Lenin Leader of Bolsheviks. Karl Marx Inspired communist beliefs. ⸻ Comprehension & Concepts What triggered WWI? Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Immediate effect of WWI on Russia Economic hardship and revolution. Why was WWI a total war? Entire economies and civilians supported the war effort. How did Bolsheviks change Russia’s war policy? Russia withdrew from WWI. Trench warfare resulted from what technology? Machine guns and modern artillery. ⸻ Section 2 — Between the Wars Key Vocabulary Fascism Dictatorship emphasizing nationalism and obedience. Propaganda Biased information used to influence people. Reparations Payments for war damages. Totalitarian Government with total control. Inflation Rising prices and weaker money value. ⸻ Important People Adolf Hitler Leader of Nazi Germany. Benito Mussolini Leader of Fascist Italy. Franklin D. Roosevelt Led U.S. during Great Depression and WWII. Joseph Stalin Communist dictator of USSR. ⸻ Comprehension & Concepts Conditions caused by Great Depression • Unemployment • Poverty • Bank failures • Economic collapse What kind of dictatorships did Hitler and Mussolini create? Fascist dictatorships. ⸻ Section 3 — World War II Key Vocabulary Appeasement Giving in to avoid conflict. Blitzkrieg “Lightning war” using fast attacks. Genocide Deliberate killing of a people group. Holocaust Murder of six million Jews during WWII. Ration Limit supplies during wartime. Atomic Bomb Extremely powerful nuclear weapon. ⸻ Important Places & People Pearl Harbor Japanese attack brought U.S. into WWII. Hiroshima First atomic bomb dropped. Nagasaki Second atomic bomb dropped. Winston Churchill Led Britain during WWII. ⸻ Comprehension & Concepts Which event broke German defenses in the west? D-Day invasion (Normandy invasion)

ECLAT

7CM- Le commerce des esclaves vers l’Amérique

ENCAPS 2026 - I

Membrane-Enclosed Organelles and Protein Transport

Unit 2: Freedom, Enslavement, and Resistance Practice Flashcards

Enclitics

Repaso de Química: Modelos Atómicos y Enlaces

Sustancias Moleculares y Enlaces Covalentes

Confederacy (CSA) :: Formed in February 1861 by 11 Southern states after secession; capital was Richmond; fought to protect slavery and states’ rights. Lincoln's First Inaugural Address (1861) :: Lincoln said secession was illegal, promised not to interfere with slavery where it existed, and aimed to preserve the Union peacefully. Border States :: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware; slave states that stayed in the Union and were strategically important. North vs South (1861) :: North had ~22 million people, industry, and factories; South had ~9 million people and relied on agriculture and slavery. Conscription (1862 CSA / 1863 USA) :: First national draft in U.S. history used when volunteer numbers dropped. Substitution :: Allowed wealthy men to pay others to fight in their place during the draft. Habeas Corpus Suspension (1861–1863) :: Lincoln suspended legal protection requiring trial before imprisonment during wartime. Union Blockade (Anaconda Plan) :: Naval blockade of Southern ports (1861–1865) that cut off trade and weakened Confederacy. Industrial Advantage :: North had ~90% of factories and weapons production compared to the South. Railroads :: North had far more railroads (~22,000 miles vs ~9,000), allowing faster troop movement. Revenue Act of 1862 :: First federal income tax used to fund the Civil War. Greenbacks (1862) :: Union paper money not backed by gold; caused moderate inflation. Greybacks :: Confederate money that became nearly worthless due to inflation. Jay Cooke :: Banker who sold large amounts of Union war bonds. Cotton Diplomacy :: Confederate strategy expecting Britain and France to support them due to cotton dependence. Trent Affair (1861) :: U.S. captured Confederate diplomats from a British ship, nearly causing war with Britain. Ironclads (1862) :: Armored warships (USS Monitor vs CSS Virginia) that changed naval warfare. Robert E. Lee :: Commander of Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. Ulysses S. Grant :: Union general who led successful campaigns like Vicksburg and Appomattox. William T. Sherman :: Union general known for “March to the Sea” and total war tactics. Scorched Earth Policy :: Strategy of destroying enemy supplies, railroads, and farmland. Scott’s Anaconda Plan :: Union strategy to blockade South and split it along the Mississippi River. Telegraph :: Communication system that allowed fast military messaging during war. Appomattox Court House (1865) :: Location where Lee surrendered to Grant, ending the Civil War. Enrollment Act of 1863 :: Union draft law allowing substitutions; caused protests in Northern cities. New York Draft Riots (1863) :: Violent protests against the draft; over 100 killed. Emancipation Proclamation (1863) :: Freed enslaved people in Confederate states still in rebellion. Copperheads :: Northern Democrats who opposed the war and wanted peace with the South. Merryman Case (1861) :: Challenged Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus. Vallandigham Case (1863) :: Anti-war politician arrested and exiled for criticizing Lincoln. Milligan Case (1866) :: Supreme Court ruled civilians cannot be tried in military courts if civil courts are open. Election of 1864 :: Lincoln (National Union Party) defeated McClellan; voters chose continuation of war. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) :: Government agency helping freed slaves with food, jobs, and education. 10% Plan (1863) :: Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan allowing Southern states back after 10% loyalty oath. Wade-Davis Bill (1864) :: Radical Republican plan requiring majority loyalty oath; Lincoln vetoed it. 13th Amendment (1865) :: Abolished slavery in the United States. Civil Rights Act of 1866 :: Gave citizenship and equal rights to all born in the U.S. 14th Amendment (1868) :: Guaranteed citizenship and equal protection under the law. 15th Amendment (1870) :: Gave Black men the right to vote. Andrew Johnson :: President after Lincoln; opposed Radical Republicans and favored lenient Reconstruction. Radical Republicans :: Group led by Thaddeus Stevens that wanted strict Reconstruction and Black rights. Military Reconstruction Acts (1867–68) :: Divided South into military districts controlled by Union Army. Tenure of Office Act (1867) :: Required Senate approval to remove cabinet officials. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) :: First presidential impeachment; he was not removed from office. Black Codes (1865–1866) :: Southern laws restricting freedom and labor of freed African Americans. Sharecropping :: Farming system where workers gave a share of crops for land use, often causing debt. Carpetbaggers :: Northerners who moved South after the war for opportunity. Scalawags :: Southern whites who supported Reconstruction governments. Ku Klux Klan (KKK, 1865) :: White supremacist group using violence and terror against Black Americans. Colfax Massacre (1873) :: Over 100 Black Americans killed during election violence in Louisiana. Mississippi Plan (1875) :: Use of violence and intimidation to regain white Democratic control. Force Acts (1870–71) :: Federal laws used to stop KKK violence and protect Black voters. Jim Crow Laws :: Laws enforcing racial segregation in the South. Civil Rights Act of 1875 :: Banned segregation in public places; later weakened by courts. Election of 1876 :: Disputed election between Hayes and Tilden. Compromise of 1877 :: Hayes becomes president; federal troops leave South, ending Reconstruction. Redeemers :: Southern Democrats who regained control after Reconstruction. Bourbon Democrats :: Conservative Southern Democrats supporting segregation and limited government. Juneteenth (1865) :: June 19, 1865 when enslaved people in Texas learned they were Lincoln's First Inaugural Address (1861) :: Lincoln said secession was illegal, promised not to interfere with slavery where it existed, and aimed to preserve the Union peacefully. Border States :: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware; slave states that stayed in the Union and were strategically important. North vs South (1861) :: North had ~22 million people, industry, and factories; South had ~9 million people and relied on agriculture and slavery. Conscription (1862 CSA / 1863 USA) :: First national draft in U.S. history used when volunteer numbers dropped. Substitution :: Allowed wealthy men to pay others to fight in their place during the draft. Habeas Corpus Suspension (1861–1863) :: Lincoln suspended legal protection requiring trial before imprisonment during wartime. Union Blockade (Anaconda Plan) :: Naval blockade of Southern ports (1861–1865) that cut off trade and weakened Confederacy. Industrial Advantage :: North had ~90% of factories and weapons production compared to the South. Railroads :: North had far more railroads (~22,000 miles vs ~9,000), allowing faster troop movement. Revenue Act of 1862 :: First federal income tax used to fund the Civil War. Greenbacks (1862) :: Union paper money not backed by gold; caused moderate inflation. Greybacks :: Confederate money that became nearly worthless due to inflation. Jay Cooke :: Banker who sold large amounts of Union war bonds. Cotton Diplomacy :: Confederate strategy expecting Britain and France to support them due to cotton dependence. Trent Affair (1861) :: U.S. captured Confederate diplomats from a British ship, nearly causing war with Britain. Ironclads (1862) :: Armored warships (USS Monitor vs CSS Virginia) that changed naval warfare. Robert E. Lee :: Commander of Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. Ulysses S. Grant :: Union general who led successful campaigns like Vicksburg and Appomattox. William T. Sherman :: Union general known for “March to the Sea” and total war tactics. Scorched Earth Policy :: Strategy of destroying enemy supplies, railroads, and farmland. Scott’s Anaconda Plan :: Union strategy to blockade South and split it along the Mississippi River. Telegraph :: Communication system that allowed fast military messaging during war. Appomattox Court House (1865) :: Location where Lee surrendered to Grant, ending the Civil War. Enrollment Act of 1863 :: Union draft law allowing substitutions; caused protests in Northern cities. New York Draft Riots (1863) :: Violent protests against the draft; over 100 killed. Emancipation Proclamation (1863) :: Freed enslaved people in Confederate states still in rebellion. Copperheads :: Northern Democrats who opposed the war and wanted peace with the South. Merryman Case (1861) :: Challenged Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus. Vallandigham Case (1863) :: Anti-war politician arrested and exiled for criticizing Lincoln. Milligan Case (1866) :: Supreme Court ruled civilians cannot be tried in military courts if civil courts are open. Election of 1864 :: Lincoln (National Union Party) defeated McClellan; voters chose continuation of war. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) :: Government agency helping freed slaves with food, jobs, and education. 10% Plan (1863) :: Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan allowing Southern states back after 10% loyalty oath. Wade-Davis Bill (1864) :: Radical Republican plan requiring majority loyalty oath; Lincoln vetoed it. 13th Amendment (1865) :: Abolished slavery in the United States. Civil Rights Act of 1866 :: Gave citizenship and equal rights to all born in the U.S. 14th Amendment (1868) :: Guaranteed citizenship and equal protection under the law. 15th Amendment (1870) :: Gave Black men the right to vote. Andrew Johnson :: President after Lincoln; opposed Radical Republicans and favored lenient Reconstruction. Radical Republicans :: Group led by Thaddeus Stevens that wanted strict Reconstruction and Black rights. Military Reconstruction Acts (1867–68) :: Divided South into military districts controlled by Union Army. Tenure of Office Act (1867) :: Required Senate approval to remove cabinet officials. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) :: First presidential impeachment; he was not removed from office. Black Codes (1865–1866) :: Southern laws restricting freedom and labor of freed African Americans. Sharecropping :: Farming system where workers gave a share of crops for land use, often causing debt. Carpetbaggers :: Northerners who moved South after the war for opportunity. Scalawags :: Southern whites who supported Reconstruction governments. Ku Klux Klan (KKK, 1865) :: White supremacist group using violence and terror against Black Americans. Colfax Massacre (1873) :: Over 100 Black Americans killed during election violence in Louisiana. Mississippi Plan (1875) :: Use of violence and intimidation to regain white Democratic control. Force Acts (1870–71) :: Federal laws used to stop KKK violence and protect Black voters. Jim Crow Laws :: Laws enforcing racial segregation in the South. Civil Rights Act of 1875 :: Banned segregation in public places; later weakened by courts. Election of 1876 :: Disputed election between Hayes and Tilden. Compromise of 1877 :: Hayes becomes president; federal troops leave South, ending Reconstruction. Redeemers :: Southern Democrats who regained control after Reconstruction. Bourbon Democrats :: Conservative Southern Democrats supporting segregation and limited government. Juneteenth (1865) :: June 19, 1865 when enslaved people in Texas learned they were free

AP African American Studies: Unit 2 - Freedom, Enslavement, and Resistance (c. 1400–1865)

# SSUSH 1–19 Study Guide (Quizlet Style) ## SSUSH 1–5: Colonization, Revolution, and Constitution Southern Colonies - Established mainly to create wealth for England - Economy based on cash crops like tobacco and rice - Used enslaved labor New England Colonies - Founded mostly for religious freedom - Economy based on trade, fishing, and shipbuilding - Small farms and towns Trans-Atlantic Trade - Trade network between Europe, Africa, and the Americas - Included enslaved Africans and cash crops - Helped colonies grow wealthy Mercantilism - Economic system where colonies existed to benefit the mother country - Colonies sent raw materials to England - England sold finished goods back Intolerable Acts - Laws passed by Britain after Boston Tea Party - Punished Massachusetts - Increased colonial anger toward Britain Declaration of Independence - Written mainly by Thomas Jefferson - Declared independence from Britain - Said people can overthrow abusive governments Three-Fifths Compromise - Enslaved persons counted as 3/5 of a person for representation - Increased Southern power in Congress Shays’ Rebellion - Farmer rebellion in Massachusetts - Showed Articles of Confederation was too weak - Led to calls for stronger central government Thomas Paine / Common Sense - Argued independence was necessary - Convinced many colonists war was unavoidable Treaty of Paris (1783) - Ended Revolutionary War - Britain recognized U.S. independence - Made future U.S. expansion possible Federalists vs Anti-Federalists - Federalists wanted stronger central government - Anti-Federalists feared too much national power - Debate led to Bill of Rights Standing Army Debate - Federalists wanted army for defense - Anti-Federalists feared army could threaten liberty --- ## SSUSH 6–10: New Nation, Sectionalism, Civil War, Reconstruction Election of 1800 - Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams - Criticism of Sedition Act hurt Federalists - Peaceful transfer of power Sedition Act - Made criticism of government illegal - Hurt Federalists politically Marbury v. Madison - Established judicial review - Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional Monroe Doctrine - Warned Europe to stay out of Western Hemisphere - U.S. opposed new colonization in the Americas Louisiana Purchase - Bought from France in 1803 - Doubled size of U.S. - Opened West to settlement Second Great Awakening - Religious revival movement - Inspired reform movements Reform Movements - Abolition - Women’s rights - Education reform - Temperance - Goal: improve society James K. Polk - Expanded U.S. territory - Annexed Texas - Settled Oregon boundary - Won Mexican Cession Sectionalism - Differences between North and South increased - North = industry - South = agriculture/slavery Civil War North Advantages - More railroads - More factories - Larger population Civil War South Advantages - Better military leaders - Fought defensive war Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address - Focused on healing the nation - Called for unity after Civil War Freedmen’s Bureau - Helped formerly enslaved people - Provided food, education, and aid Reconstruction Amendments - 13th: ended slavery - 14th: citizenship and equal protection - 15th: voting rights for Black men --- ## SSUSH 11–19: Industrialization to World War II Railroad Expansion - Helped settle the West - Increased trade and movement - Led to conflict with American Indians Plains Indians - Resisted westward expansion - Forced onto reservations by U.S. government Transcontinental Railroad - Connected East and West - Built heavily by immigrants Ellis Island - Immigration station in New York - Processed many European immigrants Standard Oil / John D. Rockefeller - Used horizontal integration - Bought smaller companies - Created monopoly Labor Unions - Formed because of long hours, low wages, unsafe conditions - Fought for workers’ rights Plessy v. Ferguson - Established “separate but equal” - Allowed segregation and Jim Crow laws World War I Causes - Militarism - Alliances - Imperialism - Nationalism Unrestricted Submarine Warfare - German U-boats attacked ships - Helped cause U.S. entry into WWI Harlem Renaissance - African American cultural movement in 1920s - Literature, music, art flourished 19th Amendment - Gave women the right to vote Great Depression - Began with stock market crash in 1929 - Massive unemployment and poverty Eugene V. Debs - Criticized U.S. involvement in WWI - Punished under Espionage Act New Deal - Roosevelt’s programs to fight Depression - Relief, Recovery, Reform Second New Deal - Focused on long-term reform - Included Social Security Act Social Security Act - Helped elderly, unemployed, disabled - Long-term economic reform Dust Bowl - Caused by drought + poor farming practices - Forced migration west Manhattan Project - Secret U.S

Etapa 3: Tabla periódica y enlaces químicos.

Unit 2: Freedom, Enslavement, and Resistance

Enlace Químico y Fuerzas Intermoleculares

Section 4 La prévention en amont des entraves à la LCM