# SSUSH 1–19 Study Guide (Quizlet Style) ## SSUSH 1–5: Colonization, Revolution, and Constitution Southern Colonies - Established mainly to create wealth for England - Economy based on cash crops like tobacco and rice - Used enslaved labor New England Colonies - Founded mostly for religious freedom - Economy based on trade, fishing, and shipbuilding - Small farms and towns Trans-Atlantic Trade - Trade network between Europe, Africa, and the Americas - Included enslaved Africans and cash crops - Helped colonies grow wealthy Mercantilism - Economic system where colonies existed to benefit the mother country - Colonies sent raw materials to England - England sold finished goods back Intolerable Acts - Laws passed by Britain after Boston Tea Party - Punished Massachusetts - Increased colonial anger toward Britain Declaration of Independence - Written mainly by Thomas Jefferson - Declared independence from Britain - Said people can overthrow abusive governments Three-Fifths Compromise - Enslaved persons counted as 3/5 of a person for representation - Increased Southern power in Congress Shays’ Rebellion - Farmer rebellion in Massachusetts - Showed Articles of Confederation was too weak - Led to calls for stronger central government Thomas Paine / Common Sense - Argued independence was necessary - Convinced many colonists war was unavoidable Treaty of Paris (1783) - Ended Revolutionary War - Britain recognized U.S. independence - Made future U.S. expansion possible Federalists vs Anti-Federalists - Federalists wanted stronger central government - Anti-Federalists feared too much national power - Debate led to Bill of Rights Standing Army Debate - Federalists wanted army for defense - Anti-Federalists feared army could threaten liberty --- ## SSUSH 6–10: New Nation, Sectionalism, Civil War, Reconstruction Election of 1800 - Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams - Criticism of Sedition Act hurt Federalists - Peaceful transfer of power Sedition Act - Made criticism of government illegal - Hurt Federalists politically Marbury v. Madison - Established judicial review - Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional Monroe Doctrine - Warned Europe to stay out of Western Hemisphere - U.S. opposed new colonization in the Americas Louisiana Purchase - Bought from France in 1803 - Doubled size of U.S. - Opened West to settlement Second Great Awakening - Religious revival movement - Inspired reform movements Reform Movements - Abolition - Women’s rights - Education reform - Temperance - Goal: improve society James K. Polk - Expanded U.S. territory - Annexed Texas - Settled Oregon boundary - Won Mexican Cession Sectionalism - Differences between North and South increased - North = industry - South = agriculture/slavery Civil War North Advantages - More railroads - More factories - Larger population Civil War South Advantages - Better military leaders - Fought defensive war Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address - Focused on healing the nation - Called for unity after Civil War Freedmen’s Bureau - Helped formerly enslaved people - Provided food, education, and aid Reconstruction Amendments - 13th: ended slavery - 14th: citizenship and equal protection - 15th: voting rights for Black men --- ## SSUSH 11–19: Industrialization to World War II Railroad Expansion - Helped settle the West - Increased trade and movement - Led to conflict with American Indians Plains Indians - Resisted westward expansion - Forced onto reservations by U.S. government Transcontinental Railroad - Connected East and West - Built heavily by immigrants Ellis Island - Immigration station in New York - Processed many European immigrants Standard Oil / John D. Rockefeller - Used horizontal integration - Bought smaller companies - Created monopoly Labor Unions - Formed because of long hours, low wages, unsafe conditions - Fought for workers’ rights Plessy v. Ferguson - Established “separate but equal” - Allowed segregation and Jim Crow laws World War I Causes - Militarism - Alliances - Imperialism - Nationalism Unrestricted Submarine Warfare - German U-boats attacked ships - Helped cause U.S. entry into WWI Harlem Renaissance - African American cultural movement in 1920s - Literature, music, art flourished 19th Amendment - Gave women the right to vote Great Depression - Began with stock market crash in 1929 - Massive unemployment and poverty Eugene V. Debs - Criticized U.S. involvement in WWI - Punished under Espionage Act New Deal - Roosevelt’s programs to fight Depression - Relief, Recovery, Reform Second New Deal - Focused on long-term reform - Included Social Security Act Social Security Act - Helped elderly, unemployed, disabled - Long-term economic reform Dust Bowl - Caused by drought + poor farming practices - Forced migration west Manhattan Project - Secret U.S

Southern Colonies

Established mainly to create wealth for England, economy based on cash crops like tobacco and rice, used enslaved labor.

New England Colonies

Founded mostly for religious freedom, economy based on trade, fishing, and shipbuilding, characterized by small farms and towns.

Trans-Atlantic Trade

Trade network between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that included enslaved Africans and cash crops, helping colonies grow wealthy.

Mercantilism

Economic system where colonies existed to benefit the mother country by sending raw materials to England, which sold finished goods back.

Intolerable Acts

Laws passed by Britain after Boston Tea Party that punished Massachusetts and increased colonial anger toward Britain.

Declaration of Independence

Written mainly by Thomas Jefferson, it declared independence from Britain and asserted the right to overthrow abusive governments.

Three-Fifths Compromise

Agreement that enslaved persons would be counted as 3/5 of a person for representation, increasing Southern power in Congress.

Shays’ Rebellion

Farmer rebellion in Massachusetts that demonstrated the weakness of the Articles of Confederation and led to calls for a stronger central government.

Thomas Paine / Common Sense

Pamphlet that argued independence was necessary and convinced many colonists that war was unavoidable.

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Agreement that ended the Revolutionary War, recognized U.S. independence, and permitted future U.S. expansion.

Federalists vs Anti-Federalists

Debate over a stronger central government vs fear of national power, leading to the Bill of Rights.

Standing Army Debate

Discussion on the necessity of a standing army for defense versus the fear that it could threaten liberty.

Election of 1800

Thomas Jefferson's victory over John Adams marked a peaceful transfer of power and resulted from criticisms of the Sedition Act.

Sedition Act

Law that made criticism of the government illegal and politically harmed the Federalists.

Marbury v. Madison

Supreme Court case that established judicial review allowing the court to declare laws unconstitutional.

Monroe Doctrine

Policy warning Europe to stay out of the Western Hemisphere and opposing new colonization in the Americas.

Louisiana Purchase

Acquisition of territory from France in 1803 that doubled the size of the U.S. and opened the West to settlement.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival movement that inspired various reform movements.

Reform Movements

Movements aimed at improving society including abolition, women’s rights, education reform, and temperance.

James K. Polk

President known for expanding U.S. territory through the annexation of Texas and settling the Oregon boundary.

Sectionalism

Increasing differences between North (industry) and South (agriculture/slavery) leading to Civil War.

Civil War North Advantages

Stronger infrastructure including more railroads, factories, and a larger population.

Civil War South Advantages

Better military leaders and a defensive warfare strategy.

Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address

Focused on healing the nation and called for unity after the Civil War.

Freedmen’s Bureau

Agency that helped formerly enslaved people with food, education, and aid.

Reconstruction Amendments

13th (ended slavery), 14th (citizenship and equal protection), 15th (voting rights for Black men).

Railroad Expansion

Facilitated westward settlement, increased trade, and led to conflict with American Indians.

Plains Indians

Natives who resisted westward expansion and were forced onto reservations.

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad that connected East and West, primarily built by immigrants.

Ellis Island

Immigration processing station in New York that handled many European immigrants.

Standard Oil / John D. Rockefeller

Monopoly created through horizontal integration by buying smaller companies.

Labor Unions

Organizations formed due to long hours, low wages, and unsafe conditions to advocate for workers’ rights.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Supreme Court case that established the principle of 'separate but equal', enabling segregation.

World War I Causes

Main causes included militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

German U-boats attacked ships, contributing to U.S. entry into WWI.

Harlem Renaissance

Cultural movement of the 1920s celebrating African American art, literature, and music.

19th Amendment

Constitutional amendment that granted women the right to vote.

Great Depression

Economic downturn that began with the stock market crash in 1929, characterized by massive unemployment and poverty.

Eugene V. Debs

Labor leader who criticized U.S. involvement in WWI and was punished under the Espionage Act.

New Deal

Roosevelt’s series of programs aimed at relief, recovery, and reform during the Great Depression.

Second New Deal

Focus on long-term reforms, which included the Social Security Act.

Social Security Act

Established to aid the elderly, unemployed, and disabled, providing long-term economic support.

Dust Bowl

Severe drought worsened by poor farming practices that led to mass migration westward.

Manhattan Project

Secret U.S. project to develop the atomic bomb during World War II.

World War II Home Front

Involved rationing, recycling efforts, and businesses supporting the war effort.

Wartime Recycling

Initiatives to collect materials for reuse in war production.