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communications in sport kine1560 day one Tuesday September 9, 2025 Sport communication the process of creating, sharing, and interpreting messages in a sport context Stakeholders - athletes, teams, leagues, media, and fans - Sport communication isn’t just sports journalism. It includes branding, marketing, PR Strategic communication: - purposeful communication designed to achieve specific objectives. Planned, intentional, long term. Applies to PR, advertising - Strategic sport communication combines sport communication and strategic planning. Aligns sport-related messaging with organizational goals. Ex. Social media campaigns for fan engagement during the playoffs. Strategic communication: - purposeful communication designed to achieve specific objectives. Planned, intentional, long-term. Applies to PR, advertising, marketing, social campaigns Why sport communication is unique? - Emotional, passionate audience - Strong community identity - Rivalries and traditions shape interaction norms Communicators help achieve organizational objectives by aligning messaging with strategic goals, whether that’s increasing ticket sales, boosting sponsorship deals, or expanding a fan base internationally. The role of communication is to bridge the gap between business priorities and fan experiences. - One of the most powerful outcomes of effective communication is the creation of brand value. * A strong brand helps a team or league stand out in a crowded marketplace and ensures long-term loyalty. * Through media relations communicators create narratives that fans invest in emotionally and financially. Sport and community: sport is a powerful connector that brings people together across diverse backgrounds, creating a sense of belonging and shared purpose. Local communities often rally around teams, leagues, or even school sports programs, fostering social cohesion and pride day two Thursday September 11, 2025 Sport communications: An industry perspective * Sport=spectacle consumed live, on TV, streaming, social media, multibillion-dollar entertainment industry * Sport is not only a competition; it is a form of entertainment that captivates audiences by creating spectacle and drama. The physical skill, unpredictability, and emotional highs and lows of sport naturally engage fans, turning games into stories and athletes into heroes or icons - Spectacle is built through elements like stadium design, lighting, music, and fan rituals, which amplify the experience * For example, NFL games in the United States often include elaborate halftime shows, pre-game ceremonies, and in-stadium fan engagement * turning a sporting event into a multi-sensory experience that draws attention far beyond the action on the field. The way sport is consumed has also evolved, expanding from traditional live attendance to global television broadcasts, streaming platforms, and social media Fans can follow events in real time, watch highlights, and interact with teams and athletes online, creating multiple layers of engagement * The premier league in England reaches hundreds of millions of viewers worldwide through TV contracts and streaming deals while social media such as Instagram allow athletes to engage directly with fans which builds personal brands. * The entertainment value of sport has created a massive global industry, generating billions of dollars in revenue from broadcasting rights, ticket sales, sponsorships, merchandise, and digital content * Major leagues like employ sophisticated marketing strategies to attract and retain audiences * Mega events like the Olympics or the Super Bowl combine competition with pageantry, media spectacle, and commercial opportunities, turning sport into a cultural and economic juggernaut * Spot organizations rely on a variety of revenue streams, each contributing to their overall financial stability * The most visible of these include ticket sales, merchandise, sponsorships, endorsements, and media rights * ticket sales provide consistent revenue from fans who attend games in person * Merchandise builds on that loyalty by allowing fans to display their identities * Ticket sales form one of the most traditional and direct revenue streams in sport Season tickets are especially valuable because they guarantee recurring revenue and create long-term commitment from fans. Promotions and premium options like luxury suites further increase profitability. Communication plays a critical role in driving ticket sales. Marketing campaigns, targeted emails, and social media promotions create excitement and urgency. - Teams will focus on the atmosphere the community and the unpredictability of the game itself. - Merchandise is more than just a t-shirt or a cap- it is a way for fans to express identity and allegiance. - Whether it’s wearing a jersey to the game or buying collectibles, merchandise represents an extension of the fan experience. Brand power: sales are influenced by factors like team success, brand strength, and overall fan satisfaction. When a team is winning, merchandise sales often soar. - Counterfeit products pose a challenge to this revenue stream - Unauthorized replicas dilute sales and undermine the authenticity of the fan experience - Sport organizations use communication campaigns to raise awareness about counterfeit goods, appealing to fans loyalty by emphasizing the importance of supporting the team directly. Communications in sponsorships and endorsements Sponsorship deals link companies to leagues, teams, or events, while endorsements are driven by individual athletes - Both create powerful connections between sport brands and corporate partners - These partnerships are built on communication - Athletes who endorse products become communicators themselves using their credibility and visibility to influence consumer behavior Sponsorship takes many forms Stadium naming rights, uniform sponsorships put brand logos directly into the visual experience of the game, digital activations use apps and social media to engage fans in interactive ways - A naming rights deal must be announced and framed in ways that minimize fan resistance while highlighting community benefits - Jersey sponsorships require visual integration so that the logo feels part of the teams identity rather than an unwelcome intrusion - Broadcasting deals with networks , streaming services, and digital platforms are the largest revenue source for most major leagues Communication is central here: - leagues and teams need to frame their product in a way that maximizes Symbiotic relationship - Its not about selling rights to watch games its showing that the league can demonstrate stories, narratives, and consistent fan engagement that will keep audiences watching Good storylines are key - Rights deals are not one and done, they are partnering, leagues need to communicate with networks about scheduling, access to players, content sharing, and crisis management - Communication has to manage backlash such as when games move from TV to subscription services - Communication doesn’t just enable media rights agreements to happen- it also shapes how they are understood, justified, and accepted by audiences - In the NFL the money is distributed equally through tv deals - Gives teams a competitive balance and parity and all media contracts are league wide Careers in sport communication Sport coms is a multi billion dollar industry Jobs in this have an impact on everything such how a team handles a crisis to how an athletes brand is perceived by fans Employability: sport communication careers are growing as leagues and teams invest in media, digital content, and fan engagement What employers look for ? * Adaptability and creativity * Writing, problem-solving, teamwork * Tech skills Career pathways - Media and Journalism, Team/League PR, Agencies and sponsorship, Digital and social media, Analytics and results - Media relations coordinator, PR specialists some tasks include press releases and crisis communications - Working for a team or league communications department is about managing the organization’s relationship with the public and the media These professionals write press releases These roles often involve long hours and fast-paced work during the season but it is a great way to build relationships in the industry - Agencies provide services to multiple clients- brands athletes , or teams rather than working for a single organization - This work can involve sponsorship activation, PR campaigns, event planning or athlete representation - Agency life can be fast paced, creative and varied with exposure to different sports and campaigns Digital and social media jobs - Creating content online. Get familiar with tools such as Canva and adobe creative suite \ - Data analysts and strategists involve using data to make strategic decisions - Jobs might include customer relationship management analyst, engagement analyst, or data strategist - Event communications - Handle messaging, media logistics, and fan engagement at live events - Could include writing scripts, coordinating press access, or managing social media during games These roles require good organizational skills and the ability to stay calm under pressure Live events often present challenges such as weather delays, technical issues, or last minute changes Communications lead updating fans in real time during a weather delay at a major tournament. It highlights the importance of clarity, speed, and professionalism Esports and emerging roles It is a rapidly growing segment of the sports industry , with opportunities in PR, event production, influencer partnershipsand community management Thursday September 18th, 2025 One of the key goals in sport communication is building and strengthening fan identification The more a fan identifies with a team/ athlete the more likely they are to be loyal Fans who interact more frequently feel a stronger personal connection Sports fan: - follower of sport who is actively interested and engaged most take emotion over knowledge - For fans what matters is the intensity of feeling , loyalty, and personal investment - This emotion dimension is critical for sport communicators, it’s gut and emotion and it isn’t cerebral - Understanding that fans are motivated by passion not just information helps us design messages, campaigns, and experiences that resonate on a personal level. Characteristics of sports fans: certain behavioral and engagement characteristics Time commitment many sport fans spend an hour a day consuming sport related media - Sports fans are active information seekers they seek out news, stats, behind the scenes content, and expert analysis - For sports communicators understanding timely, relevant, and easily accessible across multiple channels - Die hard fans follow trade rumors, injury updates, or live statistics apps there consuming and actively participating TNT approach stands for timely, noteworthy, and targeted Timely: fans want information when it matters most this could mean live updates during a game Noteworthy: the content has to be meaningful and emotionally engaging fans respond to stories, milestones, or dramatic moments Targeted: fans aren’t all the same, messages must resonate with the right audience segment or engage across the spectrum The TNT approach is about how fans filter messages Every message a fan receives is interpreted through their past experiences, perceptions, and personal preferences Two fans can receive the same message and react very differently depending on the history of the team ***A key factor is this filtering process is fan identification, feel a strong personal connection to their team or sport *** * These connections often extend into what are called parasocial relationships one sided emotional bonds * Messages need to be crafted with an awareness of fan history, emotional investment, and social context - Recognizing parasocial connections also opens opportunities to build engagement - One key aspect is sentiment assignment the ways fans interpret messages as positive or negative - Sentiment is not binary - Highly invested fans tend to have stronger emotional reactions Fanship personal identification with a team or sport - Fandom social identification with the larger fan community Birging: basking in reflecting glory Fans often take pride Corfing: cutting off reflected failure Social Why scanning and monitoring matter - Informs strategy and decision making - Identifies trends, threats, opportunities - Anticipates issues before they escalate Systematic search for relevant information: Internal and external Converts data->information-> knowledge * Requires interpretation, not just collection - Scanning strategic foresight. Identify emerging trends, issues, opportunities inform strategy - Monitoring tactical awareness. Track ongoing communications, events They can be the same thing but for a different response Scanning is what does this say about fan sentiment Monitoring is do we need to act on this now Scanning is a structured process used to monitor the environment and gather information to anticipate issues, identify trends Internal environment: team performance player injuries, staff changes, operational challenges External environment: competitors, league regulations, social trends, public sentiment, media coverage * These fall under environmental scanning * Media and social media scanning Traditional media: newspapers, tv, radio, and sports websites Social media: Twitter, Instagram Stakeholder scanning: Includes fans and season ticket holders, sponsors and corporate partners, players and coaches, league officials, local community Competitive scanning Monitor what rival teams, leagues, or organizations are doing Identify trends in promotions, campaigns, fan engagement, or crisis management Analysis and reporting - Collect and organize the scanned data into actionable insights - Summarize trends, identify emerging issues, and propose communication responses - Integration with communication strategy The scanning insights feed directly into messaging, media relations, crisis communication, and fan engagement campaigns - Enables proactive communication Different purpose - Scanning is proactive identifies emerging trends, issues or opportunities helps in strategic planning - Monitoring reactive tracking ongoing communications, events, and stakeholders Scope Scanning is broader covers internal and external environments often periodic Monitoring narrower tracks specific platforms, campaigns, or issues continuous Outcome Scanning informs strategy planning what might happen next Monitoring operational decisions and immediate actions what might happen now Test info Chapters from test and lecture material components include short answer true and false, multiple choice and scenarios Thursday September 25th, 2025 What do we mean by diverse fan bases - Cultural and linguistic diversity - Racial, ethnic, and national identities - Gender and sexuality - Age and generational divides - Socioeconomic status, disability, religion Why it matters - Expanding global and local audiences - Multiculturalism in home markets - Avoiding exclusion or backlash - Ethical responsibility to be included - Expanding the brand Cultural norms in sport communication - Individualism vs. collectivism - Colour and symbolism - Tone, humor, and gestures - Gender expectations in sport media - Local taboos or sensitives - Language and translation - Literal vs cultural translation - ASL - Social media and demographics - Different platforms=different audiences - Visual vs. text based messaging - Private vs. public interactions Inclusive visual representation Who appears in your marketing diverse bodies, families, languages, abilities Avoiding tokenism - Authentic storytelling from real communities - Fans need to see themselves reflected in the sport content they consume everyone must belong - Images and authenticity one of the most powerful ways to communicate inclusivity and who appears in them - A sensory safe stadium that provides the accommodations to make the experience more comfortable Spot the assumption Who is being represented? Who is being left out? What assumptions are made about the fan base? bottom line - same source different intent - scanning “what does this about a fan sentiment and communication opportunities - monitoring what is scanning - in sports communications, scanning is structured used to monitor the environment and gather information anticipate issues, identify trends and guide communication strategies 1.environmental scanning - this is about looking at the broader context in which your sports organization operates it includes - internal environment team performance player injuries staff changes operational challenges - external environment competitors league regulations social trends public sentiment media coverages 2.media and social media scanning - sports organizations needs to know what’s being said about them - traditional media: newspapers, tv, radio and sports websites - social media( twitter tik tok) 3.stake holder scanning - key stakeholder can include - fans and season ticket holders monsters and corporate partners - players and coaches - leauge offices league community’s 4.competitive scanning - monitor what rival competitors are doing - deity trends in promotions campaigns fan engagement 5.analysis and reporting - collect and organize the scanned date into actionable insights - summarize trends, identify emerging issued and purposes communication responses - present to decision makers to guide strategy 6.interaction with communication strategy - the scanning insights feed directly into messaging media relations crisis communications and fan engagement campaigns - enables proactive communication rather than reactive responses Thinking about monitoring scanning * proactive, big picture * deals to identify emerging trends issues or opportunities before the become urgent * helps in strategic planning and shaping long term communication strategies * example: noticing a rising trend of fan activism online that could affect sponsorship next season monitoring: * reactive, continuous tracking scope scanning * broader in scope covers internal and external environments, industry trends media landscape stakeholder expectations * often periodic weekly monthly quarterly monitoring * provides data for operational and immediate actions * helps answer: “what is happening now” ? “how should’ve we respond?” * in the moment In a nutshell 🌰 - In short - scanning =strategic foresight - monitoring= tactical awareness - scanning tools looks ahead monitoring keeps you grounded in what’s happening now. learning objectives What do we mean by diverse fan bases * cultural and linguistic diversity * Racial, ethic and national identities * gender and sexuality * age and generational divides * socioeconomic status’s, disability religion -communication is being seen a lot more in sign language The way it was - back then white make dominant - white spectators wore straw hats and that’s the way it was done - diversity in sports as it’s an industry and brings in money as well as if it. right why it matters - expanding global and local audiences - multiculturalism in home markets - avoiding exclusion or backlash - ethical responsibility to be inclusive expanding the brand - brand loyalty across diverse groups - republicans buy sneakers too- MJ on not endorsing Harvey grant cultural norms in sport communication * individualism vs collectivism * colour and symbolism * tone, humour, and gestures * gender expectations in sport media * local taboos or sensitivities language & translation - [x] literal vs cultural translation - [x] multicultural media content - [x] code switching audience adaption social median and demographics - different platforms = different audiences - tiktok vs facebook vs twitter vs x (less flashy wouldn’t be on tik tok where facebook reached and older audiences) - visual vs text based messaging - private vs public intentions - context creation is not really seen on facebook but if anything through market place inclusive visual representation - who appears in your marketing? - divers bodies families languages abilities - avoiding tokenism - authentic storytelling form real communities a lot of trends are going towards diversity ex uni like taking pictures of diverse friend groups to draw in an inclusive environment. shows someone looking at the picture visual representation that they may fit into this place and we see it in commercial. Going beyond performative fans need to see themselves reflected in the sport content they consume this isn’t about checking a box it’s about shaping a story where everyone can belong inclusion must feel real, not performative or shallow . images & authenticity - one of the most powerful ways to communicate inclusivity is through images - who appears in your marketing? - do they represent the actucal makeup of your fan base? - do they include women, radicalized fans, LGBTQ+, supporters Sensory safe - same sports like to communicate excitement with an array of sights and sounds (strobing etc) and that communication from can be problematic for a diverse audience - a sensory safe stadium( or sensory friendly venue) is a sports arena that provides accommodations to make the experience more comfortable

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Principles of sport management KINE 1500 Wednesday September 10, 2025 Sociological aspects of sport Sport reflects and amplifies the underlying values of Sociology: the study of human society, social relationships -Explore how sport functions as a social institution, sport as a microcosm of study -Understand fan behavior, team dynamics, access, inequality, social impact -Social identities and sport in Canada -Sex, gender, sexuality, indigeneity, race, ethnicity, newcomer status, age, aging, socioeconomic status, religion, spirituality Sex: physiological combination of a person's hormones, genetics, and reproductive organs, denoting that someone is male or female. Gender: informed by societal expectations and cultural norms of what it means to be male/masculine or what it means to be female/feminine. - Organization of sport is based on binary system of sex categories - Sport often reflects and reinforces built in ideas that society believes about gender (men being superior to women, different rules for men and women's sport) - Men's sport as the default version of sport (gender marking in league names, resourcing) - Homophobia in sport, exclusion of queer and transgender individuals - Sex, gender, and notion of fairness - Indigenous athletes have faced barriers to participation in sport, systemic challenges linked to historical ongoing colonialism, socio-economic disparities, and cultural erasure - Sport was used as a tool of cultural genocide of Indigenous peoples; notion of legitimate sport and derogatory names and images of team mascots - Underrepresentation of Indigenous athletes at elite levels of sport, ongoing marginalization of Indigenous body cultural practices Race: physical characteristics, such as skin color, facial features, and hair texture, that have beed used over time to characterize people Ethnicity: common cultural characteristics that people within groups share - Sport experiences are often shaped by individuals racial and ethnic background reflecting broader social dynamics of inclusion, exclusion, and inequality - Anti racism lens to address racism at individual, institutional, and structural levels. - Aging and disability - Lifelong participation in sport ys early specialization opportunities to access sport - Greater understanding of the health and social benefits as one ages - Relationship between disability and sport continues to be shared by systemic inequalities Wednesday September 17th, 2025 Organizations defined - Social entities that are goal directed, are designed as deliberately structured and coordinated activity systems, and are linked to the external environment. - Public organizations, nonprofit organizations, and commercial organizations Organizational environment - Everything that exists outside the boundary of an organization and has the potential to affect all or part of the organization - Organizational environment operates with economic conditions, technology, political climate, social and cultural forces - Management: the process of working with and Scientific management approach, human relations approach, process approach - Scientific management approach: task breakdown and specialization volunteer roles based on small, repeated tasks - Standard operation procedures volunteers are given step-by-step script checklist on how to perform tasks - Training and time studies manager trains each volunteer on how to perform their task in the most efficient way, time studies for how long it takes to complete the task - Top-down supervision supervisors assigned to monitor volunteers and ensure adherence - Incentives for efficiency recognizing and rewarding efficient team or individuals Organizations as open systems Inputs: * raw materials * human resources * capital * technology * information Transformation process->>>>> * employees work activities * management activities * tech and operations methods outputs->>>>>> * products and services * financial results information * human results Human relations approach: building relationships as a manager, you get to know staff members personally, foster a culture where everyone feels like they are a part of the team and appreciated Dimensions of organizational structure Organizational strategy: Refers to the long-term planning and decision making processes that guide an organizational toward achieving its mission, vision, and competitive goals. Encompasses the deliberate alignment of internal resources with external opportunities and threats to ensure sustainable success both on and off the field. - Encouraging input staff are encouraged to share ideas for improving operations - Recognition and morale boosting publicly recognize individuals or teams for good work during or after the game, offer small perks. - Supportive supervision supervisors focus on coaching, not commanding - Team cohesion activities organize team bonding opportunities, build a sense of belonging amongst employees Process approach: - pre crisis (planning and organizing) crisis protocols and contingency plans are already in place - During crisis (leading and controlling) Quickly assess situation, direct each functional area according to a clear chain of command make real time adjustments - Interdepartmental coordination act as a central hub ensuring that the department is acting in sync, communication is fast and structured - Post crisis review evaluate the response process and share lessons learned - Monday September 22, 2025 Management functions planning: developing and implementing goals, objectives, strategies, procedures, policies, and rules to produce goods and services in the most effective and efficient manner Operating: resources to produce goods and services in the most effective and efficient manner Staffing: recruiting, selecting, orientating, training, developing, and replacing employees to produce goods and services in the most effective manner Dividing: influencing members as individuals and as groups to produce goods and services efficiently Outstanding and evaluating: Paris 2024 summer Olympics/ Paralympics Planning: sustainability in planning 95% were existing or temporary long-term urban Organizing: coordination with international governing bodies, local government, and sponsors Staffing: recruiting and training 45k volunteers and paid staff Directing: managing teams across language, cultural and operational divides Evaluating: constant risk assessment All managers have formal authority for organizing, directing, and controlling the work activities of others - Organizational hierarchy based on levels of management - People play an important role in the management of sport at all levels, and in all contexts - Organizational principles Effectiveness: extent to which goals are achieved focused on results Efficiency: extent wo which goals are achieved using the fewest possible resources focussed on activities 4 approaches to organizational goals 1. Goal attainment 2. Resource based 3. Internal process 4. Strategic constituency Organizational strategy: Refers to the long-term planning and decision making processes that guide an organizational toward achieving its mission, vision, and competitive goals. Encompasses the deliberate alignment of internal resources with external opportunities and threats to ensure sustainable success both on and off the field Key points: - strategic alignment, stakeholder involvement, competitive advantage, performance measurement, dynamic environment, resource management - Strategic plan is the course of action or a direction to move an organization from one point to another 1. Identifying the goals, objectives, and mission of the organization 2. Determining strategic objectives 3. Identifying the resources required to implement the strategy 4. Establishing a timeline and identifying milestones Organizational culture the shared values, beliefs, behavior's, and norms that shape how people within an organization interact, make decisions, and pursue collective goals - Culture shapes performance and behaviour - Leadership drives culture - Values must be lived not stated - Culture is dynamic, evolves over time - Subcultures can exist within larger organizations - Culture influences reputation and retention Organizational structure: identifies the formal positions and reporting relationships with organizations. Specifies the grouping of individuals into functions, roles, department Organizational design: process of shaping or aligning the structure of an organization to achieve its strategic goals, how and why structure is created. specialization - degree to which activities in the organization are subdivided into separate jobs (task and responsibilities of individual) centralization - degree to which decision making is concentrated at a single point in the organization (where decision making happens) formalization - degree to which jobs within the organization are standardized (the rules policies of the organization) organizational change & innovation * organizational change- refers to the process by which organizations modify their structures strategies, processes, or culture to adapt to internal and external pressures * innovation- the introduction of new ideas, technologies, or practice that ensconce organizational operations and goal achievement key points * change is inevitable and often necessary for growth and survival * innovation can be disruptive but is essential for long term success * resistance to change is common due to tradition, hierarchy, or fear of the unknown * successful change requires strong leadership, communication, and stake holder involvement Wrap-up & Q & A - organizational effectiveness- how we define success within an organizational context - organizational strategy- roadmap for the organization - organizational culture- “how we do things “ & iceberg analogy - organizational structure and design- layout of roles Classifications of managers - all managers have formal authority for organizing directing and controlling the work activities of others - organization hierarchy based on levels of management Levels of management Professional Baseball Organizations: Investor owned health and fitness club Intercollegiate athletic program: Top level managers presidents, chief executive officer, vice president of business operations, vice president of baseball operations : Owners, Gm, Intercollegiate athletic program: board of trustees,university presidents, V.P, A.D middle level managers director of public relations, director of corporate sales, director of marketing operations, team manager, director of scouting site mangers Director of development director of analytics and business intelligence supervisory level managers Manager of stac im . operation: Manager of broacicasting Manager of community relation Manager of baseball administration coordinations of aerobatics, fitness,golf,pro shop assistants ads, sports information director coordinator of athletic training Conceptual Skills Technical Skills Human Relations Skills • Possesses the ability to see the organization as a whole Can perform a job based on the job requirements • Possesses ability to work with people (interpersonal skills) • Effectively uses analytical, creative, and initiative skills • Effectively uses skills required for a given positions (e.g., computer, IT) • Effectively uses communication and listening skills • Aids in planning and organizing processes of managers • Aids in completing everyday operational tasks • Aids in planning, staffing, organizing, directing, and controlling/evaluating processes of managers; each process requires interaction with people DEVELOPMENT OF A STRATEGIC PLAN • Strategio plan is a course of action or a direction to move an organization from one point to another; development of a plan involves... 1. Identifying the goals, objectives, and mission of the organization Determining strategic objeotives (SWOT) SWOT * strength * weakness * opportunities * Threats identifying the resources required to implement the strategy Establishing a timeline and identifying milestones ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE "Refers to the shared values, beliefs, behaviours, and norms that shaper how people within an organization interact, make decisions, and pursue collective goals" Key Points and Assumptions: * Culture shapes behaviour and performance * Leadership drives culture * Values must be lived, not just stated * Culture is dynamio and evolves over time + Suboultures can exist within larger organizations Cultural fit vs. oultural add * Culture influences reputation and retention 🧠 Leadership Theories (Expanded Summary – KINE 1500 Style) Leadership Theory Core Principles Advantages Disadvantages Trait Theory Leaders are born with innate traits that make them effective; traits predict leadership success. Simple and easy to use; helps identify potential leaders. Over-simplified; ignores how traits are developed; not universal. Skills Theory Leadership can be learned and developed; focuses on technical, human, and conceptual skills. Inclusive and adaptable; useful for developing leadership competencies. Complex to assess; doesn’t consider context. Behavioral Theory Leadership is learned through behavior; focuses on task- and relationship-oriented actions. Provides clear examples of effective behavior; learnable and practical. Ignores situational and personality factors; not universal. Situational Theory Effective leadership depends on context and follower readiness; uses four styles (telling, selling, participating, delegating). Flexible and adaptable; encourages follower development. Requires accurate assessment of followers; may overlook core values. Servant Leadership Leaders prioritize serving others, focusing on followers’ growth, well-being, and empowerment. Builds trust, loyalty, and strong relationships; encourages collaboration. Can slow decision-making; leader may be taken advantage of. Authentic Leadership Leadership based on self-awareness, honesty, integrity, and acting consistently with personal values. Promotes trust and transparency; enhances morale and ethical behavior. Can be difficult to maintain under pressure; may appear inflexible. Ethical Leadership Leadership guided by fairness, respect, and strong moral principles. Builds ethical culture and trust; improves reputation and accountability. Hard to balance ethics with organizational demands; subjective moral standards. Shared (Distributed) Leadership Leadership roles are shared across a team; everyone contributes based on strengths. Encourages teamwork, empowerment, and diverse input. Can lack clear direction; risk of conflict or confusion without coordination. ⸻ ⚙️ Leadership Styles (KINE 1500 Summary) Leadership Style Core Principles Advantages Disadvantages Transactional Leadership Based on structure, rules, rewards, and punishments; focuses on efficiency and short-term goals. Clear expectations; predictable results; good for stability. Limits creativity; can reduce motivation and long-term innovation. Transformational Leadership Inspires followers through vision, passion, and personal growth; promotes innovation and change. Increases motivation and engagement; encourages creativity. Relies heavily on leader charisma; may overlook daily operations; risk of burnout

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