Results for "agricultural production"

Be able to define the importance of the following terms: Causes of WWI Militarism Competition drives tension between countries Motivated to beat each other at having better navy/military Germany had a strong military, were ready to fight if conflict broke Alliances Countries had to defend each other (strength in numbers) Fragile alliance system Minor conflict escalate Imperialism Reason of increased rivalry/competition Fight over land Nationalism Competition to prove supremacy Led to ethnic conflicts Countries were confident in their abilities to win a war Kaiser Wilhelm II Ruled by divine right More ambitious/expansionist than Wilhelm I Wanted “a place in the sun” for Germany Wanted to be a part of the Great Powers of Europe “a place in the sun” 1890- dismisses Bismark Archduke Franz Ferdinand Archduke of Austria Assassinated by Gavrillo Princip (sent by Serbia) *Spark of WWI* Wanted to unite Slavic people in Balkans WWI Technological Innovations Mechanized Warfare - led to trench warfare Machine guns: shot many bullets at a time, helped with defense, not offense, took too many men to operate Artillery: took a lot of time to work, not useful, U-Boats: helped Germany have an advantage over Britain Poison gas: lethal if inhaled, helped Germans slow down their enemies before attacking Tanks: could go in and out of trenches, British used them as a surprise attack against the Germans Planes: made after realizing using the airspace was advantageous Western Front Trench Warfare No fast victories/failed plan (stalemate created) Gases used by Germans to suppress enemies’ ability to fight well At first, gases were a little harmful, later, Mustard Gas would be used, which caused deadly “injuries” Gas attacks hid soldiers, allowed them to get into the enemy trench Rifles/machine guns were too heavy/large for offense Dogs warned soldiers of gas, were good companions, and delivered messages You would be shot if you stuck your head out of the trench No Man’s Land Ground between the trenches of two opposing sides Where fighting occurs, most dangerous area Wilson’s 14 Points President Wilson outlined these points to create lasting peace after WWI Open diplomacy (no secret treaties/alliances) Free navigation of seas Free trade Universal reduction of arms Adjustment of colonial claims -13. Redrawing countries’ boundaries to reflect the ethnicity of the people living there (self-determination) 14. League of Nations ↓↓↓ League of Nations International peacekeeping body Aimed to prevent future wars “Big Four” Leaders of 4 countries came together in Paris to negotiate the Treaty of Versailles Britain- Lloyd George* Italy- Vittorio Emanuel Orlando France- Georges Clemenceau* U.S.- Woodrow Wilson* *The Big Three Paris Peace Conference Treaty of Versailles: Ended WWI - Germany had to accept harsh terms forced by the “Big Four” Rhineland was occupied/demilitarized Reparations: Germany had to pay the total cost of war War-Guilt Clause: Germany had to accept blame for the war (loss of territory/all colonies) Alsace-Lorraine → France Eastern Germany → Poland Danzig → League of Nations Second part ↓↓↓ Be able to understand the concepts of the following themes: Describe the four major causes of World War I. Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism Describe some of the conditions of trench life for soldiers. Harsh conditions led to longer battles Had to stand in trenches and look out for gases that Germans would throw Gas masks would be hot+uncomfy/soldiers had to breathe shallowly so that masks would not fog up Had to carry heavy machine guns/rifles across no man’s land Had to check gas masks for tears Rifles needed to be well cleaned Feet had to be dried otherwise, they could get trench foot as they were standing in muddy and waste-filled water Would eat dinner at noon Soldiers only got to sleep at night for an hour at a time If they slept on the job, they could be sentenced to death Played cards and wrote letters to families to pass the time Explain the impact of World War I on civilians. Civilians were essential to war effort (Home-front) Civilians had to ration food, barely had any supplies Had to eat any animals they found Propaganda was used to- Make them buy war bonds Encourage women to tell their sons/husbands to enlist Ration food for the soldiers Make it easier for civilians to hate the enemy Increase agricultural production Women worked in factories/nursed soldiers Were affected by the chemicals Took up male-dominated work fields Identify the effects of the Treaty of Versailles de

Chapter 13: Patterns and Practices of Agricultural Production © National Geographic Learning, a Cengage Company 13.1 Agricultural Production Regions •

Identifying with one's own nations and support of its interests Idea that Nation (people) should be the state (country) Nation People who share a common culture, language, territory, and government 1848 Revolutions Wanted liberal change, heavily influenced by ideas of Enlightenment -Democratic -Nationalistic Italy was divided into multiple kingdoms and city states Northern Italy to rebel and unite under King Victor Emmanuel of Piedmont Sardinia Constitutional monarchy Giuseppe Garibaldi leads Red Shirt rebels in the south Too radical and southern Italians join with northern Kingdom of Piedmont and Sardinia 1871 Italy Fully United Italy becomes united under Constitutional Monarchy Prussia and Austria emerge as two major German powers Otto Von Bismarck Chancellor of Prussia Unite German people under Prussian leadership Realpolitik Politics based on reality not morals 1871 German Empire created Ottoman empire Ruled by Turks Extremely diverse Culturally Ethnically Religiously Ottoman empire Muhammad Ali fights war with Ottomans Tie results in Egypt being independent Selim III tries to modernize and reform based on enlightenment Janissaries resist Balkans independence Russia supports fellow Slavs, Serbia effectively Independent 1815 Western Europe helps the Greeks (nationalism/racism) Greece Independant 1829 Ottoman empire loses territory in Europe and Africa to independence movements Ottoman empire known as “the sick man of Europe” Topic 5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins Thematic Focus - Economics Systems (ECN) As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services. Learning Objective  1 Explain how economic systems transformed during the period of 1750-1900. Historical Developments Summarize industrialization and its impact. (see 5.3 reading guide) Industrialization, the increased mechanization of production, and the Social! changes that accompanied this shift, had their roots in several influences. Such as Increased agricultural production and greater individual accumulation of capital. I reshaped Society, increasing world population, shitting people from farm to city, and expanding the production and consumption of goods Thematic Focus - Humans and the Environment (ENV) The environment shapes human societies, and as populations grow and change, these populations in turn shape their environments. Learning Objective 2 Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900. Historical Developments Britain’s Industrial Advantages • Mineral and colonel resources - used resources for fuel and manufacturing  • Good environment - rives made transportation cheap • Strong fleet- let resources from colonies to be brought to Britain shortly  • Growth- farmers growing more food meant fewer people had to grow their own • End enclosure movement- The government stopped providing farmland which made people move to urban places  Describe the features of the Cottage Industry • It's a pull-out system • Merchants proved cotton to women who spun it into finished cotton at home • Cotton industries gave women independence •  The cotton industry was slow so people demanded faster processes, due to people wanting faster process it led to faster machinery  Explain the development of the factory system and how it relates to specialization of labor.  The factory system used special machinery was also a new way of making products, it increased efficiency and reduced the need for manual labor. It was similar to specialisation of labor the increase efficiency and productivity in production Topic 5.5 Technology of the Industrial Age Thematic Focus - Technology and Innovation (TEC) Human adaptation and innovation have resulted in increased efficiency, comfort, and security, and technological advances have shaped human development and interactions with both intended and unintended consequences Learning Objective 3 Explain how technology shaped economic production over time. Historical Developments A. Explain the impact of the technologies of the first Industrial Revolution. Factory system technology improved systems and grew technologies to be more efficient  Steam engine Powered trains→ Bigger train industry, used for traveling jobs, replacing sails trade and fast communication around the world   Coal Used to heat up stream from the steam engine but causes pollution  B. Explain the impact of the technologies of the Second Industrial Revolution.   Steel Bessmer process mass produces steel from pig iron making railroads Chemicals Led to the development of new materials and product Electricity Has powered machinery, led to an increase in population/efficiency in factories  Oil Was used for cars/mechanic cars, to power cars focused on maximizing product efficiently  C. Explain how technologies impacted trade and migration.  The change increased the rise of maritime trading empires, People were able to shift from farm to city increasing world Production and expanding the production and consumption of goods Topic 5.6 Industrialization: Government’s Role from 1750 to 1900 Thematic Focus - Governance (GOV) A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes. Learning Objective 4 Explain the causes and effects of economic strategies of different states and empires. Historical Developments As the influence of the Industrial Revolution grew, a small number of states and governments promoted their own state-sponsored visions of industrialization.  Answer the following questions to explain the state-sponsored  industrialization of Japan. a. What was the historical situation of Japan in the 1800s?  The emperor was at the highest point of the social hierarchy, but the shogun and daimyo had the power  b. Describe the threat Japan faced from Western powers. The US came with modernized equipment their ships looked intimidating and forced Japan to open trading ports c. What was Japan’s response to the Western threats? Japan created trading ports with the US  and became more modernized  d. Define MEIJI RESTORATION and identify key changes it made.  The emperor wanted to modernize but the Shoguns and daimyo didn’t want to so the emperor won they made Japan modernized by becoming more Westernized and pro-business Topic 5.7 Economic Developments and Innovations in the Industrial Age  Thematic Focus - Economics Systems (ECN) As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services. Learning Objective 9. Explain the development of economic systems, ideologies, and institutions and how they contributed to change in the period from 1750 to 1900. Historical Developments A. Western European countries began abandoning mercantilism and adopting free trade policies. Define the following terms to demonstrate an understanding of the developing economic systems. ADAM SMITH • Wrote “Wealth of Nations”  • Established the idea of private owner ship of industry and business LAISSEZ FAIRE CAPITALISM • Laissez -Faire “Leave Alone” “Hands Off!” ◦ Little to no government involvement in business ◦ Reduce tariffs on trade(don’t penalize imports and exports with tax=free trade) • FREE MARKETS Mercantilism • Government run companies believing ... • fixed amount of wealth • Wealth = amount of silver + Gold you have • Export more than import • Colonies serves as resources STOCK MARKETS capitalism • No limit to earn wealth • supply and  demand should be bought + sold • minimal govt intervention LIMITED-LIABILITY CORPORATIONS Corporation • Business run by lots of people • Stockholders buy parts of companies • corporations made profit  • if Corporations go out of business stockholders only lost the amount they put in the business C. The development of industrial capitalism led to changes in social life. Explain the changes as they relate to -  consumerism Working class and middle class had time to shop and have money from working in the factories standard of living • The working class who worked at the factories lived in the slums which were crowded, unsanitary condition, dirty  leisure time Companies encouraged leisure activities like baseball because it taught hard work, discipline, teamwork, and rule following  Topic 5.8 Reactions to the Industrial Economy from 1750 to 1900 Thematic Focus - Social Interactions and Organization (SIO) The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization.. Learning Objective 10. Explain the causes and effects of calls for changes in industrial societies from 1750 to 1900. In response to the social and economic changes brought about by industrial capitalism, some governments, organizations, and individuals promoted various types of political, social, educational, and urban reforms A.  Explain how workers organized themselves to improve working conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wages.  Workers rise up and rebeled against the capitalist business owners and they revolted against the upper class B. Discontent with established power structures encouraged the development of various ideologies, including socialism and communism.  Identify the people and key points of each ideology. KARL MARX & FRIEDRICH ENGELS • German journalist • Appalled at the horrible working conditions in the factories • He blamed capitalism • Big business owner dont care about workers- just for profit $$$  SOCIALISM • New governmet ownership of industry  • Resources distributed all • High taxes support government (helthcare,education,safty net) • Goal of classless society  COMMUNISM • Advanced stage of Socialism • Classless society is achieved • Everyone is equal economically, politically, socially therefore… • No government is needed • No $ is needed  •  No need for national borders = world peace C. In response to the expansion of industrializing states, some governments in Asia and Africa, including the Ottoman Empire and Qing China, sought to reform and modernize their economies and militaries. Reform efforts were often resisted by some members of government or established elite groups. Topic 5.9 Society and the Industrial Age Thematic Focus - Social Interactions and Organization (SIO) The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization. Learning Objective 11. Explain how industrialization caused change in existing social hierarchies and standards of living. Historical Developments A. Because of changing economic systems, new social classes developed during the Industrial Era. Identify and define the 2 new classes.   1. bourgeoisie 2. proletarians B. The Industrial Revolution had a profound impact on the lives of all people. Describe the impacts on the following groups:  Demographic Group Impact Working class • Strict schedules • Low pay • dangerous tasks Family • families had to move to rural to urban • Families lived in slums which were unsanitary  Children • children had to work in factories • Children worked long hours and lower pay • children faced dangerous tasks to do Women • Women had more independence  • Women had shifted from working at home to factories • Early feminism . C. The rapid industrialization and  urbanization led to a variety of environmental challenges. Identify at least 3 environmental problems created by urbanization and the Industrial Revolution.  Air pollution was happening because of factories using coal to for machinery and causing smoke to pollute the air, water pollution was caused by factories dumping toxins into rivers and deforestation because of the population growing in cities natural lands have to be clearing for housing, factories, roads,  Topic 5.10 Continuity and Change in the Industrial Age The final topic in this unit focuses on the skill of argumentation and so provides an opportunity for your students to draw upon the key concepts and historical developments they have studied in this unit. Using evidence relevant to this unit’s key concepts, students should practice the suggested skill for this topic. Learning Objective Explain the extent to which industrialization brought change from 1750 to 1900. Historical Developments • The development of industrial capitalism led to increased standards of living for some, and to continued improvement in manufacturing methods that increased the availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods. ◦ Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph made exploration, development, and communication possible in interior regions globally, which led to increased trade and migration. • The 18th century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments, leading to the establishment of new nation-states around the world. ◦ Enlightenment philosophies applied new ways of understanding and empiricist approaches to both the natural world and human relationships; they also reexamined the role that religion played in public life and emphasized the importance of reason. Philosophers developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract. ◦ The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of life often preceded revolutions and rebellions against existing governments

5.1 Introduction to Agriculture 5.2 Settlements Patterns and Survey Methods 5.6 Agricultural Production Regions

Agriculture - 3.5.1.4 Social/economic/political factors which infuence agricultural production

5.6 Agricultural Production Region

APHG - Chapter 13 - Patterns and Practices of Agricultural Production

Unit 5: Chapter 13 - Patterns and Practices of Agricultural Production

Unit 5: Chapter 13 - Patterns and Practices of Agricultural Production

agricultural production regions

Mestizo A person of mixed white, indigenous (Amerindian), and sometimes African descent.####Amerindian Original peoples of North and South America; indigenous people.####Indigenous Groups Population of Amerindian heritage in Mexico.####Maquiladoras Factories that produce goods for export, often located along the US-Mexican border.####Coup D'etat A forceful, extra-constitutional action resulting in the removal of an existing government.####Ejidos Land granted by Mexican government to an organized group of peasants.####Sexenio The six-year administration of Mexican presidents.####Clientelism An informal aspect of policymaking in which a powerful patron (for example, a traditional local boss, government agency, or dominant party) offers resources such as land, contracts, protection, or jobs in return for the support and services (such as labor or votes) of lower-status and less powerful clients; corruption, preferential treatment, and inequality are characteristic of clientelist politics.####North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) A treaty among the US, Mexico, and Canada implemented on January 1, 1994, that largely eliminates trade barriers among the three nations and establishes procedures to resolve trade disputes. NAFTA serves as a model for an eventual Free Trade Area of the Americas zone that could include most Western Hemisphere nations.####Corporatist State A state in which interest groups become an institutionalized part of the structure.####Civil Society Refers to the space occupied by voluntary associations outside the state, for example, professional associations (lawyers, doctors, teacher), trade unions, student and women's groups, religious bodies, and other voluntary association groups. The term is similar to society, although civil society implies a degree of organization absent from the more inclusive term society.####State Capitalism A political system in which the state requires all members of a particular economic sector to join an officially designated interest group. Such interest groups thus attain public status, and they participate in national policymaking. The result is that the state has great control over the groups, and groups have great control over their members.####Import Substituting Industrialization (ISI) Strategy for industrialization based on domestic manufacture of previously imported goods to satisfy domestic market demands.####Informal Sector That portion of the economy largely outside government control in which local traditional rulers and political structures were used to help support the colonial governing structure.####Proportional Representation A system of political representation in which seats are allocated to parties within multi-member constituencies, roughly in proportion to the votes each party receives. PR usually encourages the election to parliament of more political parties than single-member-district winner-take-all systems.####Technocrats Career-minded bureaucrats who administer public policy according to a technical rather than political rationale. In Mexico and Brazil, these are known as the tecnicos.####Para-Statal State-owned, or at least state-controlled, corporations, created to undertake a broad range of activities, from control and marketing of agricultural production to provision of banking services, operation of airlines, and other transportation facilities and public utilities.####Camarillas Vast informal networks of personal royalty that operates as powerful political cliques.####Chamber of Deputies, Senate The lower house of Mexico's legislature.####Chiapas Rebellion Southern Mexican state which had large groups of Native Americans, where rebels took up arms and challenged the government, demanding land reform.####Neo-Corporatism A structure in which business, labor, and state engage in bargaining over economic policies.####Dependency A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploration of poor nations by rich ones.####Election Reform Campaign finance restrictions. Laws that limit contributions to campaigns. Critical media coverage, as media is less under PRI control. International watch teams, as Mexico has tried to convince other countries that elections are fair and competitive. Election monitoring by opposition party members.####Vicente Fox Mexico's president since 2000. The first non-PRI president in over seven decades.####GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. International trade organization that encourages free trade by lowering tariffs and other trade restrictions.####IFE Organizing elections of the president and the Congress of the Union. Registering voters and parties. Giving all parties access to the media. Setting the ceiling for campaign expenditures. Allocating public funds fr campaigns. Recruiting and training citizens to run polling places. Confirming the electoral results.####Import Substitution A government policy that uses trade restrictions and subsidies to encourage domestic production of manufactured goods.####"Mexican Miracle" Described a country with a rapidly increasing GNP in orderly transition from an authoritarian to a democratic government.####Neoliberalism A political orientation origination in the 1960s. A strategy for economic development that calls for free markets, balanced budgets, privatization, free trade, and minimal government intervention in the economy.####Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador Leading candidate in 2018 presidential race####Para-Statals Industry partially owned by the state.####Patron-Client System Powerful government officials deliver state servicing policies and access to power in exchange for the delivery of political support.####PEMEX Mexico's powerful state-owned oil monopoly.####PAN National Action Party. A conservative Catholic Mexican political party that until 2000 was the main opposition to the PRI.####PRD Party of the Democratic Revolution. Mexico's main left-of-center opposition party.####PRI Intended to stabilize political power in the hands of its leaders. Served as an important source of government legitimacy until other political parties successfully challenged its monopoly during the late 20th century.####WTO The World Trade Organization. An international body that enforces agreements that reduce barriers to international trade. Successor to the GATT.####Zapatistas Guerilla movement named in honor of Emiliano Zapata; originated in 1994 in Mexico's Southern state of Chiapas. Government responded with a combination of repression and negotiation.####

Food Supply, Plant Growth and Productivity

Expansion of Roman influence Brought economic and social changes to the Mediterranean basin Good roads and pax romana Encouraged trade between regions Existing cities Benefitted from wealth generated by trade; Romans founded new cities as links in the economy Strictly patriarchal society With extensive use of slave labor Roman engineers Built roads and paved the main street of cities Trade and urbanization Led to economic development and social change Agricultural production Was transformed with expansion of empire and growth of trade Latifundia Focused on production for export Commercial agriculture Played important role in economic specialization and integration Vigorous trade Over the Mediterranean sea lanes Roman military and naval power Kept seas free of pirates Merchants, military, and officials Linked regions into a well-integrated network of communication and exchange Remote rural areas Still used high-quality goods imported from afar Berenice on Red Sea coast Offered access to Indian Ocean and distant markets Cities Benefitted greatly from Mediterranean integration and played a prominent role in promoting change Profit from trade Flowed to Rome, fueling urban development Roman state Financed construction of temples, bathhouses, public buildings, stadiums, and aqueducts Use of concrete Allowed for construction of precise plumbing and water control systems Construction in Rome Provided employment for hundreds of thousands of workers and led to population surge and rapid growth of the city's economy Urban growth and development beyond Rome Some parts of the empire had long-standing urban traditions, while others were founded by Romans for purposes of government and administration Roman Cities Enjoyed amenities such as freshwater, elaborate sewage and plumbing systems, public baths, and entertainment options Roman Entertainment Enormous circuses, stadiums, and theaters provided entertainment for urban masses Family and Society in Roman Times Roman law vested immense authority in male heads of families and women usually wielded considerable influence within their households Wealth and Social Change New classes of merchants, landowners, and contractors accumulated private wealth and rivaled old nobility for prominence Urban Slaves Worked as domestic servants, laborers, craftsmen, shopkeepers, or business agents for owners and manumission was possible after a long term of service The Cosmopolitan Mediterranean Integration had effects on trade, economy, culture, and religion of the Roman empire and allowed for the spread of new popular religions Greek Philosophy and Religions of Salvation Stoicism became the prominent school of moral philosophy in Rome and religions of salvation provided comfort for both educated elites and unschooled masses. Greek Influence The Romans drew inspiration from the Greek tradition of rational thought and philosophy, particularly Stoicism. Stoicism A school of thought in Hellenistic Greece that sought to identify a set of universal moral standards based on nature and reason. Marcus Tullius Cicero A Roman thinker who adopted Stoic values and became a prominent figure in spreading Stoicism as the most prominent school of moral philosophy in Rome. Religions of Salvation Religions that offered comfort and a sense of purpose, promising a glorious future existence, and became popular in the Mediterranean basin and beyond during the Hellenistic period. Mithraism A popular religion of salvation among Roman soldiers and merchants, dedicated to the Persian deity Mithras, which associated Mithras with military virtues and offered hope for individuals who followed its teachings. Cult of Isis A popular religion of salvation, dedicated to the Egyptian goddess Isis, that welcomed both men and women, nurtured its followers, and helped them cope with life's stresses. Judaism and Early Christianity The Jewish people maintained their faith and communities under various imperial regimes, including the Roman empire, which created problems for their strict monotheism and eventually paved the way for the success of Christianity in the empire.

Lec 22 Sustainable Agricultural Production

Chapter 13 | Patterns and Practices of Agricultural Production