Results for "ad hominem"

Name Calling/ Ad Hominem

AP Lang. & Comp. Midterm Study Guide - Matarazzo THE MIDTERM CONSIST OF… ● 28 Multiple Choice Questions (1 pt. each) ○ AP-Style reading passages and multiple choice questions ○ Example student writing passages and multiple choice questions ○ Other multiple choice questions on key concepts & terms ● 4 Short Answer (3 points each) ● 2 Extended Response (5 points each) ○ TOTAL: 50 points (x2 to convert to 100) Concepts to Know: RHETORICAL SITUATION (Unit 1) ☐ speaker ☐ purpose ☐ audience ☐ context ☐ exigence TYPES OF EVIDENCE (Unit 1) ☐ quantifiable ☐ qualifiable ☐ descriptive/comparative APPEALS: (Unit 2) ☐ ethos ☐ pathos ☐ logos TONE: (Unit 2) ☐ tone ☐ diction ☐ imagery ☐ details METHODS OF DEVELOPMENT ☐ cause-effect (Unit 3) ☐ narration (Unit 3) ☐ compare-contrast (Unit 4) ☐ definition-description (Unit 4) FALLACIES: (UNIT 3) ☐ either-or ☐ bandwagon ☐ ad hominem ☐ straw man ☐ non-sequitur ☐ appeals to authority ☐ appeals to pity ☐ appeals to ignorance ☐ hasty generalization ☐ slippery slope ☐ faulty causality ☐ weak analogy EFFECTIVE WRITING: (all units) ☐ claims ☐ evidence ☐ line of reasoning ☐ thesis ☐ thesis statement ☐ commentary ☐ topic sentences ☐ introductions ☐ conclusions HELPFUL TIP: You “know” these concepts when you can… A) explain each clearly to someone else and B) give examples of them. Other items to keep in mind… ● Rhetorical Analysis Thesis Structure ○ In SPEAKER/WRITER’S (tone) speech/letter/article (to AUDIENCE), he/she uses ___ and ____ to PURPOSE. ■ EXAMPLE: In his patriotic speech to Congress, President Roosevelt repeats “attacked” and “deliberate” as well as appeals to patriotism in order to convince Congress to declare war on Japan. ● Rhetorical Precis - Know how to write one! You do not need to have the structure memorized, but be familiar with it! ○ A well-written rhetorical precis of a text need only be 4-5 sentences long. It’s how you pack the information into them that counts. ○ 1st Sentence: Name of author, [optional: a phrase describing the author], the genre and title of the work, date in parentheses (additional publishing information in parentheses or note), a rhetorically accurate verb (such as "assert," "argue," "suggest," "imply," "claim," etc.), and a THAT clause containing the major assertion (thesis statement) of the work. ○ 2nd Sentence: An explanation of how the author develops and/or supports the thesis, usually in chronological order. ○ 3rd Sentence: A statement of the author’s apparent purpose, followed by an "in order to" phrase. ○ 4th Sentence: A description of the intended audience if it seems to be for a specific person or group, OR a brief statement of why you chose this article to analyze. ● Be familiar with utilizing theoretical lenses (i.e. gender, Sentimentalism, Romanticism, Panopticon) for literary analysis! ○ ***HINT: You’ve all done this with your literary analysis essay, Contending Forces presentations, our other tests’ extended responses, etc. You’ll be ready! :) ● Be familiar with characters and key concepts from each of the following… ○ Contending Forces ○ Light in August ○ Frankenstein ○ Never Let Me Go

Propaganda The use of communication techniques that create emotional appeal either visually or verbally to project an opinion. Bandwagon Suggestion to think or act as others Loaded Words Words with heavy positive or negative connotations that stir feelings. Testimonial Public figure or celebrity that promotes/endorses a product, person, or policy. Name-calling Giving someone a bad label by using an n easy name or symbol (Calling out the name of the other product). Plain folks Convince the audience that they are prominent people and their ideas are for the people. Misuse of statistics Refers to manipulating statistical data to make a biased impression. Used to support an agenda or a viewpoint. Transfer A device in which the ad links the authority of a symbol to give that respectively to a person. Card Stacking Stress the positives only, not the negatives (only giving part of the story). Repetition Repeating words so they imprint Ad hominem (Against the Man) Attack on a person directly rather than the argument itself Ad populum Fallacious argument that utilizes popularity as a reason to accept it. Begging the Question The argument that already issues the claim is true (type of circular reasoning) Circular Reasoning The fallacious argument that restates an argument without proving Goes in circle Already assumes their claim False Analogy Misleading comparison in an argument Hasty Generalization A conclusion, or claim, that is based on lack of evidence (rush to conc). Non-Sequitur Occurs when the conclusion does not follow its premises. Post hoc ergo propter hoc Occurs when it is assumed that one thing is the cause of another in a sequence. Red Herring Utilizes diversion to lead people away from the real issue. People will oppose arguments rather than address them, leading to a false conclusion. Slippery Slope Argues that events will eventually happen without examples or evidence (steps intentionally left out). Straw Man Someone oversimplifies or misrepresents another argument to make it easier to attack.

rhetoric ethos pathos logos fallacy syntax diction tone connotation paradox euphemism anecdote parallelism antithesis rhetorical question hypophora ellipses oxymoron anaphora epistrophe aphorism straw man ad hominem slippery slope

Speaker - The author of a text Purpose - What the speaker hopes to achieve Audience - Who the text is directed toward - Context - The larger situation in which the test happens Exigence - Reason for producing a text Quantifiable - Evidence that is measured - Statistics Qualifiable - Evidence that reflects feelings - Personal story Descriptive/Comparative - Describing and comparing different aspects of a particular situation - analogy (extended comparison) Ethos - Appeals to credibility - Pathos - Appeals to emotions - Logos - Appeals to logic - Tone - The author's attitude toward the subject - Diction - The authors word choice - Imagery - Descriptive language that engages the senses - Details - What the author leaves in and out of the text - Either or fallacy - Only 2 options - Bandwagon fallacy - A popular idea so it's true - Ad Hominem fallacy - Attacking the character - Straw man fallacy - Arguing something related to the topic, but avoids topic - Non-sequitur fallacy - Conclusion does not follow premise - Appeals to authority fallacy - A famous person endorses the claim - Appeals to pity fallacy - Persuade others by provoking pity - Appeals to ignorance fallacy - No evidence proving my claim wrong - Hasty generalization fallacy - A rush conclusion - Slippery slope fallacy - A fallacy that predicts extreme outcomes - Faulty causality fallacy - First event called the second event Weak analogy fallacy - Two things that are compared that are not alike creates weak analogy Cause-effect - Provide reasons that produced a result Narration - Telling a story from one viewpoint Compare-contrast - How 2 things are similar or different Definition-Description - What a concept, event, person is like Parts of a work cited page - All sources listed with them cited How to cite websites - Author last, first name, Website Title Publisher Date of Publication Counterclaim - An opposing claim Concession - Acknowledgement of a limitation in your own argument Rebuttal - Offering contrasting perspective on an argument Refutation - A rejection of a counterclaim Qualification - To avoid absolute language or generalizations Absolute language - Claims - Statements of what the author believes Evidence - Factual information that helps the reader reach a conclusion Line of reasoning - Arrangements of claim and evidence that leads to a conclusion Thesis - Writers viewpoint Thesis Statement - A statement that states the main idea of a paper Commentary - Part of a paragraph that connects evidence to claim Topic sentences - Sentence that presents the main focus of a paragraph Introductions - Sets tone of essay/ Previews how the essay will develop Conclusions - Synthesize main points of line of reasoning

Chapter 4: Rhetorical Fallacies (copy)

Unit 4: Rhetorical Fallacies

Chapter 4: Rhetorical Fallacies

Chp 17: Persuasive Speaking

Persuasive Fallacies Chp 17