Results for "Wages"

● Unique Corporate Culture: Zappos integrates happiness and motivation into its core principles, providing exceptional benefits and maintaining a flat organizational structure to enhance employee motivation and satisfaction. Motivational Strategies: The company emphasizes personal connections in customer interactions, offers substantial training with an option to quit, and focuses on creating a fulfilling work environment, reflecting a deep commitment to employee happiness and motivation. —--------------------------------------- Overview of Early Motivation Studies: ● Early motivation studies focused on understanding how individual needs drive employees to demonstrate goal-oriented behavior in order to satisfy these needs. For instance, an employee seeking companionship might frequently engage in conversations around the office to fulfill this need. Key Theories of Motivation: 1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: ○ Developed by Abraham Maslow, this theory posits that human needs are organized hierarchically from the most basic to higher-level needs. ○ Levels of Needs: ■ Physiological Needs: Basic survival needs like food and water. ■ Safety Needs: Protection from danger and stability. ■ Social Needs: Desire for relationships and belonging. ■ Esteem Needs: Need for respect, recognition, and self-esteem. ■ Self-Actualization: The pursuit of realizing one’s full potential and engaging in activities that lead to growth and fulfillment. ○ Maslow’s theory suggests that once a lower-level need is satisfied, it ceases to be a motivator, and the individual moves to satisfy higher-level needs. 2. ERG Theory (Clayton Alderfer): ○ This theory modifies Maslow’s hierarchy by categorizing needs into three groups: ■ Existence Needs: Corresponds to Maslow’s physiological and safety needs. ■ Relatedness Needs: Links to social needs. ■ Growth Needs: Encompasses esteem and self-actualization needs. ○ ERG theory does not maintain a strict hierarchy and acknowledges that multiple needs can be motivational at the same time. It introduces the concept of “frustration-regression, ” where individuals revert to satisfying lower-level needs if they cannot satisfy higher-level ones. 3. Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory: ○ Frederick Herzberg identified two sets of factors that impact motivation: ■ Hygiene Factors: Elements like company policies, salary, and working conditions, which can cause dissatisfaction if not addressed. ■ Motivators: Factors intrinsic to the job such as achievement, recognition, and growth opportunities, which truly motivate employees to perform better. ○ Herzberg argued that improving hygiene factors alone does not increase job satisfaction; instead, motivators are crucial for enhancing employee motivation. 4. McClelland’s Acquired-Needs Theory: ○ David McClelland proposed that individuals develop certain needs based on their life experiences, which are: ■ Need for Achievement: Desire to excel and achieve in relation to a set of standards. ■ Need for Affiliation: Desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships. ■ Need for Power: Desire to make an impact, influence others, and have authority. ○ The dominant need influences an individual’s behavior at work and their suitability for certain roles. For example, high achievement needs are effective in roles with clear performance metrics, while high affiliation needs are beneficial in cooperative roles. Applications and Implications: ● ● Understanding these needs and theories helps managers create work environments that satisfy employee needs, thus motivating them effectively. The theories emphasize the importance of recognizing the diversity of employee needs and tailoring motivational approaches accordingly. Critiques and Limitations: ● ● While these theories have been influential, they also face criticisms such as the rigidity of need hierarchy (Maslow) and the oversimplification of motivational factors (Herzberg). Despite criticisms, these theories provide valuable frameworks for understanding employee motivation and designing effective management practices. Here’s a detailed summary of the process-based theories of motivation, as outlined in your text: Overview of Process-Based Theories of Motivation: ● Process-based theories view motivation as a rational process where individuals analyze their environment, develop thoughts and feelings, and react accordingly. This perspective focuses on understanding the cognitive processes that underpin motivated behavior. Equity Theory (Adams, 1965): ● ● ● ● ● Core Concept: People are motivated by fairness, which they assess through social comparisons of input-outcome ratios with others (referents). Inputs and Outcomes: Inputs are contributions (e.g., effort, skill), while outcomes are what people receive in return (e.g., pay, recognition). Perceptions of Equity: Fairness is perceived when one’s ratio of input to outcome matches that of their referent. Responses to Inequity: Responses can include altering perceptions, changing the input level, adjusting outcomes, or even leaving the situation. Overpayment and Underpayment: Reactions differ based on whether individuals feel over-rewarded or under-rewarded, influencing their motivation and actions. Expectancy Theory (Vroom, 1964; Porter & Lawler, 1968): ● ● Core Concept: Motivation is determined by an individual’s rational calculation of expectancy (effort will lead to performance), instrumentality (performance will lead to outcomes), and valence (value of the outcomes). Application: This theory is useful for understanding how beliefs about the relationships between effort, performance, and rewards motivate people to act in certain ways. Reinforcement Theory: ● ● ● Core Concept: Behavior is shaped by its consequences, either reinforcing desired behaviors or discouraging undesired ones. Types of Reinforcement: ○ Positive Reinforcement: Increases desirable behavior by offering positive outcomes. ○ Negative Reinforcement: Increases behavior by removing negative conditions. ○ Punishment: Decreases undesired behavior through negative consequences. ○ Extinction: Reduces behavior by removing rewards. Reinforcement Schedules: Different schedules (continuous, fixed-ratio, variable-ratio) affect the durability and quality of behavior changes. Procedural and Interactional Justice: ● Beyond distributive justice (fairness of outcomes), procedural (fairness of processes used to determine outcomes) and interactional justice (treatment of individuals in the enactment of procedures) are crucial in shaping perceptions of fairness and, consequently, motivation. OB Toolbox for Fairness: ● Recommendations include recognizing diverse contributions, ensuring fairness in decision-making, treating people with respect, and maintaining transparency in rules and decisions. Organizational Behavior Modification (OB Mod): ● A systematic application of reinforcement theory in organizations to modify employee behaviors. It involves identifying behaviors, measuring baseline levels, analyzing antecedents and consequences, implementing interventions, and evaluating outcomes. Key Success Factors: 1. 2. 3. Employee Empowerment: Employees at Nucor are treated as company owners, empowered to make decisions and take actions that affect their work and the company’s operations directly. Decentralized Structure: Authority and responsibility are pushed down to lower levels, allowing line workers to undertake tasks typically reserved for management. Innovative Reward System: Nucor’s compensation strategy includes high base wages, significant annual bonuses, and profit sharing, with a strong link to company and individual performance. Modern Approaches to Job Design: ● ● ● Job Rotation: This involves periodically shifting employees to different tasks to alleviate monotony and enhance skills. Job Enlargement: Expands job tasks to add variety and increase employee engagement and satisfaction. Job Enrichment: Provides more autonomy over how tasks are performed, increasing responsibility and potentially improving job satisfaction and productivity. Job Characteristics Model (Hackman & Oldham, 1975): Identifies five core job dimensions that impact three critical psychological states, influencing job outcomes: 1. Skill Variety 2. Task Identity 3. Task Significance 4. Autonomy 5. Feedback These dimensions contribute to feelings of meaningfulness, responsibility, and understanding of results, leading to high internal work motivation, job satisfaction, and reduced absenteeism. Empowerment: ● Extends the concept of autonomy by removing barriers that limit the potential of ● ● employees. Structurally empowered employees, who are provided with information, resources, and support to make decisions, tend to have higher job satisfaction and performance. Effective empowerment also requires a supportive management and organizational culture that genuinely delegates decision-making power to employees. Summary: Motivating Employees Through Goal Setting Goal-Setting Theory: Goal-setting is a powerful method of motivation, supported by extensive research showing that effectively set goals can enhance employee performance significantly. This approach has been broadly adopted across various sectors, including major corporations globally. SMART Goals: Effective goals are SMART—Specific, Measurable, Aggressive, Realistic, and Time-bound: ● ● ● Specific and Measurable: Goals should be clear and quantifiable to ensure performance can be evaluated accurately. Aggressive: Goals should be challenging to stimulate higher performance. Realistic: While goals should be ambitious, they must also be achievable to maintain motivation. ● Time-Bound: A clear timeline increases urgency and helps focus efforts. Why SMART Goals Motivate: Goals clarify the direction and energize employees towards achieving specific outcomes. They also encourage innovative thinking to meet challenging targets and create a sense of accomplishment upon achieving these goals. Conditions for Effective Goals: ● ● ● Feedback: Regular feedback helps align employee's efforts with their goals. Ability: Employees need the requisite skills and knowledge to achieve their goals. Goal Commitment: Commitment to goals is crucial for their effectiveness, which can be enhanced by involving employees in the goal-setting process and ensuring the goals align with their values and capabilities. Potential Downsides of Goal Setting: ● ● Goals can reduce adaptability to changing circumstances if too rigid. Overemphasis on specific goals can lead to neglect of other important duties or unethical behavior to achieve targets. Summary: Motivating Employees Through Performance Appraisals Overview: Performance appraisals are a formal process used by organizations to assess and provide feedback on employee performance. These appraisals are crucial for employee motivation, informing decisions on rewards, promotions, and terminations. Key Features of Effective Appraisals: Effective appraisals are characterized by: ● ● ● Adequate Notice: Employees are informed about the criteria ahead of time. Fair Hearing: Appraisals include two-way communication. Evidence-Based Judgment: Decisions are based on documented performance evidence. When properly managed, performance appraisals are valuable tools for motivating employees, enhancing their development, and aligning their goals with organizational objectives. Effective appraisals require clear criteria, fair processes, and regular feedback to truly benefit both employees and the organization. Summary: Motivating Employees Through Performance Incentives Incentive Systems Overview: Incentive systems link employee pay to performance, either on an individual or company-wide basis. Common in many organizations, these systems are designed to implement motivation theories practically, aiming to boost productivity, profits, and employee commitment through various forms of financial rewards. Types of Incentives: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Piece Rate Systems: Compensation is based on the quantity of output produced. Effective in environments where output is easily measurable. Individual Bonuses: One-time rewards for achieving specific goals, enhancing motivation by providing clear, achievable targets. Merit Pay: Ongoing pay raises based on past performance, typically determined through performance appraisals. Can lead to a sense of entitlement if not carefully managed. Sales Commissions: Compensation linked to the volume or profitability of sales. Needs careful structuring to align with company goals and encourage desirable behaviors. Team Bonuses: Rewards based on team performance, suitable in environments where teamwork and collective performance are critical. Gainsharing: Rewards employees for performance improvements over previous periods, typically through cost savings or efficiency gains, fostering a culture of continuous improvement. Profit Sharing: Distributes a portion of company profits among employees, fostering loyalty and a sense of ownership among staff. Stock Options: Provides employees the option to buy company stock at a future date at a predetermined price, aligning employee interests with those of the company. Effectiveness and Challenges: While financial incentives can be powerful motivators, they also have potential downsides such as promoting risk-averse behavior and diminishing creativity. Incentives may also lead employees to focus narrowly on rewarded behaviors, potentially at the expense of other important duties or organizational citizenship behaviors. Key Considerations for Effective Incentives: ● ● ● Incentives should be clearly aligned with organizational goals and strategies. The structure of incentives should balance between encouraging desired behaviors and allowing flexibility to adapt to changing circumstances. Companies should be aware of the potential for incentives to encourage unethical behavior or excessive risk-taking. Conclusion: Properly designed and implemented, performance incentives can significantly enhance motivation and performance. However, they require careful management to ensure they support broader organizational objectives and promote a healthy, collaborative, and innovative work culture. Overview of Trait Approaches: Early leadership studies focused on identifying traits that distinguish leaders from non-leaders, exploring various personality characteristics and physical attributes. Although initially deemed inconclusive, modern research, particularly with the advent of the Big Five personality framework, has successfully linked certain traits with leadership capabilities. Key Leadership Traits: 1. Intelligence: Both general mental ability (IQ) and emotional intelligence (EQ) are associated with leadership emergence and effectiveness. EQ's role becomes critical in managing oneself and interpersonal relationships effectively. 2. Big Five Personality Traits: ○ Extraversion: Strongly correlated with leadership emergence and effectiveness; extraverts' sociability and assertiveness make them visible leader candidates. ○ Conscientiousness: Organized and persistent traits contribute to leadership emergence and effectiveness. ○ Openness to Experience: Creativity and openness to new experiences are linked to innovative leadership. 3. Self-Esteem: High self-esteem enhances an individual's self-confidence and leadership perception. 4. Integrity: Honesty and moral integrity are crucial for leaders to maintain trustworthiness and ethical standards. Limitations of Trait Approaches: Trait approaches initially failed to consider situational contexts which can significantly influence leadership effectiveness. The recognition of this limitation led to a more nuanced understanding that the effectiveness of certain traits may depend heavily on specific organizational contexts or scenarios. Application in Modern Leadership: Understanding the impact of these traits helps in selecting and developing effective leaders. It’s recognized that the relevance of specific traits can vary, depending on the organizational context and the specific demands of the leadership role. Conclusion: Trait theories have evolved to highlight the importance of both identifying essential leadership traits and understanding the situational factors that influence the effectiveness of these traits in various leadership contexts. This dual focus aids in the more targeted development and placement of leaders within organizations. Leader Decision Making: Leaders use various decision-making styles, which include: 1. 2. Authoritarian: The leader makes decisions unilaterally. Democratic: Employees participate in the decision-making process. 3. Laissez-Faire: The leader provides minimal guidance and allows employees to make decisions independently. The effectiveness of these styles varies based on the organizational context and the specific situation, with democratic styles generally increasing employee satisfaction but not necessarily impacting productivity significantly. Laissez-faire leadership is often negatively associated with employee satisfaction and effectiveness. Leadership Assumptions about Human Nature: Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y outline two opposing perceptions of employee motivation: ● Theory X: Assumes employees are inherently lazy and require strict supervision and ● control. Theory Y: Views employees as self-motivated and responsive to tasks that are satisfying and fulfilling. Leaders' assumptions about human nature can influence their management style, with Theory Y leaders tending to be more supportive and empowering. Limitations of Behavioral Approaches: Behavioral approaches to leadership are criticized for their failure to consider the context in which leadership occurs. What works in one organizational setting might not work in another, indicating the necessity for leaders to adapt their behaviors to the specific demands and culture of their organization. Key Takeaway: Behavioral approaches highlight the importance of leaders’ actions and their decision-making styles in influencing their effectiveness and the satisfaction of their teams. These approaches also underscore the need for adaptability in leadership practices, reflecting the varying needs of different organizational environments. ● ● ● ● ● Contingency Leadership Context: Leadership effectiveness varies with the situation; no single style is universally effective. Fiedler’s Contingency Theory: Categorizes leaders as task-oriented or relationship-oriented. Effectiveness depends on the match between a leader's style and situational favorableness, influenced by leader-member relations, task structure, and leader's power. Situational Leadership Theory (SLT): Proposes adjusting leadership style based on follower readiness, combining directive and supportive behaviors to meet follower development needs. Path-Goal Theory: Based on expectancy theory of motivation, leaders facilitate employee paths to goals by adjusting their behaviors (directive, supportive, participative, achievement-oriented) to fit employee and task characteristics. Vroom and Yetton’s Normative Decision Model: Guides leaders on the level of employee involvement in decision-making based on several situational variables, offering a range from autocratic to delegative styles. ● Overall Insight: Contingency theories emphasize adapting leadership styles to the context, follower characteristics, and specific organizational circumstances for optimal leadership effectiveness. Here’s a summarized version in bullet points: ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Transformational vs. Transactional Leadership: ○ Transformational leaders align employee goals with their own, focusing on the company's well-being. ○ Transactional leaders manage through clear structures and rewards for performance. Tools of Transformational Leaders: ○ Charisma: Inspire and garner admiration from followers. ○ Inspirational Motivation: Provide a compelling vision of the future. ○ Intellectual Stimulation: Encourage innovation and creativity. ○ Individualized Consideration: Offer personal attention and mentorship. Transactional Leadership Methods: ○ Contingent Rewards: Provide tangible rewards for tasks completed. ○ Active Management by Exception: Proactively prevent problems. ○ Passive Management by Exception: Intervene only when standards are not met. Effectiveness: ○ Transformational leadership is often more effective, enhancing motivation, performance, and satisfaction. ○ Transactional styles also show effectiveness, particularly when excluding passive management by exception. Trust and Leadership: ○ Transformational leaders are likely to be trusted more because they show concern for followers and communicate values effectively. Can Charisma Be Trained?: ○ Charisma isn't solely innate; it can be developed despite being somewhat influenced by personality traits like extraversion and neuroticism. Dark Side of Charisma: ○ Charisma can lead to blind allegiance, potentially harming organizations if not accompanied by other solid leadership qualities. Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory: ○ Focuses on the type of relationship leaders form with individual members. ○ High-quality LMX relationships result in mutual trust, respect, and obligation. ○ Benefits include greater job satisfaction, performance, and organizational commitment. Developing High-Quality LMX: ○ Leaders can foster high-quality exchanges by being fair, dignified, and trusting. ○ Employees can enhance relationships through seeking feedback, being open to learning, and showing initiative. These points outline the core elements of contemporary approaches to leadership, emphasizing the situational effectiveness of different leadership styles and the importance of leader-member relationships. Week 5: Motivation Instructor: Dr. Kevin Leung Key Concepts: 1. What is Motivation? ○ Definition: A set of energetic forces that originates both within and outside an individual, initiates work-related effort, and determines its direction, intensity, and persistence. 2. Components of Motivation: ○ Direction: Focuses on the goals towards which effort is directed. ○ Intensity: Measures how hard a person tries. ○ Persistence: Examines how long a person can maintain effort. 3. Theoretical Perspectives in Studying Motivation: ○ Need Theories: What motivates people through understanding their needs. ○ Process Theories: How motivation occurs through interactions within the environment. 4. Need Theories: ○ Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Sequential needs from physiological to self-actualization. ○ Alderfer’s ERG Theory: Simplifies Maslow’s into three core needs: Existence, Relatedness, and Growth. ○ Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory: Distinguishes between Motivators (satisfaction) and Hygiene factors (dissatisfaction). ○ McClelland’s Theory of Social Motives: Focuses on Achievement, Power, and Affiliation. 5. Process Theories: ○ Behavioral Theories: Emphasizes the role of reinforcement. ○ Cognitive Choice Theories: Centers on decision-making processes like Expectancy Theory. ○ Self-Regulation Theories: Includes Goal Setting Theory advocating for SMART goals. Need Theories: ● ● Understand the basic needs outlined in Maslow’s Hierarchy (from physiological needs at the base to self-actualization at the top) and how each level motivates behavior. Recognize that only unsatisfied needs motivate. Alderfer’s ERG Theory condenses Maslow’s into three groups: Existence, Relatedness, and Growth, which can be pursued simultaneously and can regress based on frustration. ● ● Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory differentiates between Hygiene factors (which prevent dissatisfaction but don't motivate) and Motivators (which truly drive employees to perform better). McClelland’s Theory focuses on the needs for Achievement, Affiliation, and Power. Unlike Maslow’s, these needs are not in any order and can vary in intensity between individuals. Process Theories: ● Expectancy Theory: Effort leads to performance (Expectancy), performance leads to outcomes (Instrumentality), and outcomes are valued (Valence). Understanding the connections between these elements helps predict employee motivation to engage in a behavior. Goal Setting Theory: ● Goals must be SMART—specific enough to clarify what is expected, measurable to gauge progress, achievable yet challenging, relevant to the individual’s role, and time-bound with a deadline. Goals effectively direct attention, mobilize effort, enhance persistence, and promote the development of strategies and action plans. Week 6: Leadership Instructor: Dr. Kevin Leung Key Concepts: 1. Introduction to Leadership: ○ Definition: The process of influencing others towards the achievement of goals. 2. Theoretical Perspectives on Leadership: ○ Trait Approach: Identifies personality traits that distinguish leaders. ○ Behavioral Approach: Observes behaviors that are effective for leadership. 3. Contingency Theories: ○ Fiedler’s Contingency Model: Matches leader’s style with the situation to optimize effectiveness. ○ House’s Path-Goal Theory: Adjusts leadership behavior to employee and environmental needs. 4. Contemporary Approaches to Leadership: ○ Transformational Leadership: Focuses on visionary, inspiring, and change-inducing behaviors. ○ Transactional Leadership: Relies on exchanges and rewards to influence employee behaviors. 5. Charismatic and Servant Leadership: ○ ○ Charismatic Leadership: Relies on the leader’s magnetic personality to influence and inspire followers. Servant Leadership: Prioritizes the needs of others and aims to serve rather than lead in the traditional sense. Info for Quiz Preparation: ● ● ● ● Motivation Lecture: Understand the specific components of each theory, particularly how they explain the direction, intensity, and persistence of motivation. Leadership Lecture: Be able to distinguish between different leadership styles and theories, especially noting how transformational leaders differ from transactional ones and the specific conditions under which each leadership style might be most effective according to contingency theories. Expectancy Theory in Process Theories: Focus on how expectancy (effort leads to performance), instrumentality (performance leads to outcomes), and valence (value of the outcomes) interact to motivate behavior. Goal Setting Theory: Understand how setting SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound) goals can directly influence motivation and performance, supporting with examples if possible. These notes are organized to aid in understanding complex psychological theories by breaking them down into their core components, crucial for preparing for quizzes that may test comprehension and application of these concepts. ● ● ● Differences between Transformational and Transactional Leadership: ○ Transformational Leaders: Inspire and motivate employees to exceed normal levels of performance through charismatic leadership styles, visionary, and stimulating approaches. They focus on changing existing perceptions and motivating followers to put group or organizational interests first. ○ Transactional Leaders: Focus on maintaining the normal flow of operations using a system of rewards and penalties. They are practical and traditional, ensuring that staff follow procedures and perform their designated tasks. ○ Effective Conditions: Transformational leadership is effective in dynamic and competitive environments that require innovation and change. Transactional leadership works well in stable environments where tasks are routine, and the primary goal is efficiency. Expectancy Theory in Process Theories: ○ Dive deeper into how employees weigh the perceived costs and benefits of making an effort. An employee's motivation to perform is increased if they believe that their effort will lead to good performance (Expectancy), that good performance will be rewarded (Instrumentality), and that they will find the reward satisfactory (Valence). Goal Setting Theory: ● ● ○ Specific goals increase performance; difficult goals, when accepted, result in higher performance than easy goals; feedback enhances the effect of specific and difficult goals. This is because specific and challenging goals focus attention and foster a persistent effort, leading to the development of effective strategies. Additional Insights For Expectancy Theory, prepare to apply scenarios where employees might perceive high or low expectancy, instrumentality, and valence, and predict their motivation outcomes

6.5 - The influence of trade unions in determining wages and levels of unemployment

2.2 - Impact of Labor Supply, Population, and Wages on Prices of Basic Commodities

Identifying with one's own nations and support of its interests Idea that Nation (people) should be the state (country) Nation People who share a common culture, language, territory, and government 1848 Revolutions Wanted liberal change, heavily influenced by ideas of Enlightenment -Democratic -Nationalistic Italy was divided into multiple kingdoms and city states Northern Italy to rebel and unite under King Victor Emmanuel of Piedmont Sardinia Constitutional monarchy Giuseppe Garibaldi leads Red Shirt rebels in the south Too radical and southern Italians join with northern Kingdom of Piedmont and Sardinia 1871 Italy Fully United Italy becomes united under Constitutional Monarchy Prussia and Austria emerge as two major German powers Otto Von Bismarck Chancellor of Prussia Unite German people under Prussian leadership Realpolitik Politics based on reality not morals 1871 German Empire created Ottoman empire Ruled by Turks Extremely diverse Culturally Ethnically Religiously Ottoman empire Muhammad Ali fights war with Ottomans Tie results in Egypt being independent Selim III tries to modernize and reform based on enlightenment Janissaries resist Balkans independence Russia supports fellow Slavs, Serbia effectively Independent 1815 Western Europe helps the Greeks (nationalism/racism) Greece Independant 1829 Ottoman empire loses territory in Europe and Africa to independence movements Ottoman empire known as “the sick man of Europe” Topic 5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins Thematic Focus - Economics Systems (ECN) As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services. Learning Objective  1 Explain how economic systems transformed during the period of 1750-1900. Historical Developments Summarize industrialization and its impact. (see 5.3 reading guide) Industrialization, the increased mechanization of production, and the Social! changes that accompanied this shift, had their roots in several influences. Such as Increased agricultural production and greater individual accumulation of capital. I reshaped Society, increasing world population, shitting people from farm to city, and expanding the production and consumption of goods Thematic Focus - Humans and the Environment (ENV) The environment shapes human societies, and as populations grow and change, these populations in turn shape their environments. Learning Objective 2 Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900. Historical Developments Britain’s Industrial Advantages • Mineral and colonel resources - used resources for fuel and manufacturing  • Good environment - rives made transportation cheap • Strong fleet- let resources from colonies to be brought to Britain shortly  • Growth- farmers growing more food meant fewer people had to grow their own • End enclosure movement- The government stopped providing farmland which made people move to urban places  Describe the features of the Cottage Industry • It's a pull-out system • Merchants proved cotton to women who spun it into finished cotton at home • Cotton industries gave women independence •  The cotton industry was slow so people demanded faster processes, due to people wanting faster process it led to faster machinery  Explain the development of the factory system and how it relates to specialization of labor.  The factory system used special machinery was also a new way of making products, it increased efficiency and reduced the need for manual labor. It was similar to specialisation of labor the increase efficiency and productivity in production Topic 5.5 Technology of the Industrial Age Thematic Focus - Technology and Innovation (TEC) Human adaptation and innovation have resulted in increased efficiency, comfort, and security, and technological advances have shaped human development and interactions with both intended and unintended consequences Learning Objective 3 Explain how technology shaped economic production over time. Historical Developments A. Explain the impact of the technologies of the first Industrial Revolution. Factory system technology improved systems and grew technologies to be more efficient  Steam engine Powered trains→ Bigger train industry, used for traveling jobs, replacing sails trade and fast communication around the world   Coal Used to heat up stream from the steam engine but causes pollution  B. Explain the impact of the technologies of the Second Industrial Revolution.   Steel Bessmer process mass produces steel from pig iron making railroads Chemicals Led to the development of new materials and product Electricity Has powered machinery, led to an increase in population/efficiency in factories  Oil Was used for cars/mechanic cars, to power cars focused on maximizing product efficiently  C. Explain how technologies impacted trade and migration.  The change increased the rise of maritime trading empires, People were able to shift from farm to city increasing world Production and expanding the production and consumption of goods Topic 5.6 Industrialization: Government’s Role from 1750 to 1900 Thematic Focus - Governance (GOV) A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes. Learning Objective 4 Explain the causes and effects of economic strategies of different states and empires. Historical Developments As the influence of the Industrial Revolution grew, a small number of states and governments promoted their own state-sponsored visions of industrialization.  Answer the following questions to explain the state-sponsored  industrialization of Japan. a. What was the historical situation of Japan in the 1800s?  The emperor was at the highest point of the social hierarchy, but the shogun and daimyo had the power  b. Describe the threat Japan faced from Western powers. The US came with modernized equipment their ships looked intimidating and forced Japan to open trading ports c. What was Japan’s response to the Western threats? Japan created trading ports with the US  and became more modernized  d. Define MEIJI RESTORATION and identify key changes it made.  The emperor wanted to modernize but the Shoguns and daimyo didn’t want to so the emperor won they made Japan modernized by becoming more Westernized and pro-business Topic 5.7 Economic Developments and Innovations in the Industrial Age  Thematic Focus - Economics Systems (ECN) As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services. Learning Objective 9. Explain the development of economic systems, ideologies, and institutions and how they contributed to change in the period from 1750 to 1900. Historical Developments A. Western European countries began abandoning mercantilism and adopting free trade policies. Define the following terms to demonstrate an understanding of the developing economic systems. ADAM SMITH • Wrote “Wealth of Nations”  • Established the idea of private owner ship of industry and business LAISSEZ FAIRE CAPITALISM • Laissez -Faire “Leave Alone” “Hands Off!” ◦ Little to no government involvement in business ◦ Reduce tariffs on trade(don’t penalize imports and exports with tax=free trade) • FREE MARKETS Mercantilism • Government run companies believing ... • fixed amount of wealth • Wealth = amount of silver + Gold you have • Export more than import • Colonies serves as resources STOCK MARKETS capitalism • No limit to earn wealth • supply and  demand should be bought + sold • minimal govt intervention LIMITED-LIABILITY CORPORATIONS Corporation • Business run by lots of people • Stockholders buy parts of companies • corporations made profit  • if Corporations go out of business stockholders only lost the amount they put in the business C. The development of industrial capitalism led to changes in social life. Explain the changes as they relate to -  consumerism Working class and middle class had time to shop and have money from working in the factories standard of living • The working class who worked at the factories lived in the slums which were crowded, unsanitary condition, dirty  leisure time Companies encouraged leisure activities like baseball because it taught hard work, discipline, teamwork, and rule following  Topic 5.8 Reactions to the Industrial Economy from 1750 to 1900 Thematic Focus - Social Interactions and Organization (SIO) The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization.. Learning Objective 10. Explain the causes and effects of calls for changes in industrial societies from 1750 to 1900. In response to the social and economic changes brought about by industrial capitalism, some governments, organizations, and individuals promoted various types of political, social, educational, and urban reforms A.  Explain how workers organized themselves to improve working conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wages.  Workers rise up and rebeled against the capitalist business owners and they revolted against the upper class B. Discontent with established power structures encouraged the development of various ideologies, including socialism and communism.  Identify the people and key points of each ideology. KARL MARX & FRIEDRICH ENGELS • German journalist • Appalled at the horrible working conditions in the factories • He blamed capitalism • Big business owner dont care about workers- just for profit $$$  SOCIALISM • New governmet ownership of industry  • Resources distributed all • High taxes support government (helthcare,education,safty net) • Goal of classless society  COMMUNISM • Advanced stage of Socialism • Classless society is achieved • Everyone is equal economically, politically, socially therefore… • No government is needed • No $ is needed  •  No need for national borders = world peace C. In response to the expansion of industrializing states, some governments in Asia and Africa, including the Ottoman Empire and Qing China, sought to reform and modernize their economies and militaries. Reform efforts were often resisted by some members of government or established elite groups. Topic 5.9 Society and the Industrial Age Thematic Focus - Social Interactions and Organization (SIO) The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization. Learning Objective 11. Explain how industrialization caused change in existing social hierarchies and standards of living. Historical Developments A. Because of changing economic systems, new social classes developed during the Industrial Era. Identify and define the 2 new classes.   1. bourgeoisie 2. proletarians B. The Industrial Revolution had a profound impact on the lives of all people. Describe the impacts on the following groups:  Demographic Group Impact Working class • Strict schedules • Low pay • dangerous tasks Family • families had to move to rural to urban • Families lived in slums which were unsanitary  Children • children had to work in factories • Children worked long hours and lower pay • children faced dangerous tasks to do Women • Women had more independence  • Women had shifted from working at home to factories • Early feminism . C. The rapid industrialization and  urbanization led to a variety of environmental challenges. Identify at least 3 environmental problems created by urbanization and the Industrial Revolution.  Air pollution was happening because of factories using coal to for machinery and causing smoke to pollute the air, water pollution was caused by factories dumping toxins into rivers and deforestation because of the population growing in cities natural lands have to be clearing for housing, factories, roads,  Topic 5.10 Continuity and Change in the Industrial Age The final topic in this unit focuses on the skill of argumentation and so provides an opportunity for your students to draw upon the key concepts and historical developments they have studied in this unit. Using evidence relevant to this unit’s key concepts, students should practice the suggested skill for this topic. Learning Objective Explain the extent to which industrialization brought change from 1750 to 1900. Historical Developments • The development of industrial capitalism led to increased standards of living for some, and to continued improvement in manufacturing methods that increased the availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods. ◦ Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph made exploration, development, and communication possible in interior regions globally, which led to increased trade and migration. • The 18th century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments, leading to the establishment of new nation-states around the world. ◦ Enlightenment philosophies applied new ways of understanding and empiricist approaches to both the natural world and human relationships; they also reexamined the role that religion played in public life and emphasized the importance of reason. Philosophers developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract. ◦ The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of life often preceded revolutions and rebellions against existing governments

Revision pour examen de carrières Le Processus du développement de vie ou carrière: 1. Connaissance de soi • Centres d'intérêt, habiletés, compétences, aptitudes, valeurs, style personnel. 2. Connaissance de la carrière visée • Communauté/loisirs éducation Occupations/ métiers 3. Vision long-terme Détermination des objectifs • Prise de décision Un portfolio: • Un ensemble de documents pour montrer ta connaissance, avec tes habiletés et compétences. Les Valeurs (des adolescents): • Les exemples comme l'amitié, Être aimé ou aimé, Liberté, Succès, Vie aisée, Intimité, Vie familiale, Emotions vives, Reconnaissance, Popularité Les habiletés (skills): • Les choses que tu peux faire pour un certain emploi. Q.I, Les Intelligences Multiples, Howard Gardner: Q.I: Une note de vos assessments standard, et vos intelligences traditionnelles Évalué à travers des tests standardisés Pour évaluer diverses capacités cognitives, telles que la résolution de problèmes, le raisonnement, la mémoire, les compétences mathématiques et la compréhension verbale Howard Gardner: Un psychologue américain du développement renommé Surtout connu pour sa théorie des intelligences multiples A eu un impact profond sur les pratiques éducatives, encourageant les éducateurs à adapter les méthodes d'enseignement aux différentes intelligences des élèves 1. L'intelligence Corporelle: (athletics capabilities and intelligence) -Vous comprenez les forces et les faiblesses de votre corps -Vous êtes capable de contrôler la façon dont votre corps bouge- vous avez une bonne coordination Vous êtes habile à travailler avec vos mains 2. L'intelligence Visuelle-spatiale:(artistic capabilities) - Vous voyez des images dans votre imagination -Vous remarquez les couleurs, les formes et les contours - Vous savez fabriquer des maquettes pleines d'imagination à partir d'argile,d'argile, de peinture ou de bois pour illustrer vos idées 3. L'intelligence Intrapersonnelle: ( personnel intelligence, independence) Vous etes presque toujours conscient de vos propres sentiments et émotions Vous avez des objectifs bien définis pour votre avenir Vous êtes motivé, vous agissez de votre propre initiative. 4. L'intelligence Musicale: (musical intelligence) -Vous appréciez divers genres Vous appréciez divers genres de musique Vous chantez et jouez d'un de musique Vous composez des mélodies dans votre tête. 5. L'intelligence Logico-Mathématique (mathematical capabilities or interests) Vous tirez des conclusions à partir de ce que vous observez Vous aimez découvrir les cohérences, les tendances et les éléments systématiques de la vie Vous aimez travailler avec les chiffres et les données scientifiques 6. L'intelligence Verbo-Linguistique (How you communicate and understand languages) Vous connaissez et vous utilisez un grand nombre de mots Vous savez manier la langue correctement Vous comprenez combien il est important d'avoir un vocabulaire étendu pour communiquer. 7. L'intelligence Interpersonnelle (social skills and adaptability) Vous aimez être avec les autres Vous êtes sensible à l'égard des sentiments des autres On vous respecte parce que vous vous entendez bien avec les autres 8. L'intelligence Naturaliste: ( Like being in nature enjoy the outdoors) (didn't talk about this at all in class) Les couleurs: "We are a blend of all four colours and although we have a preference for one colour or type, we use all four in various aspects of our lives" Gold: calm, collected, normal, practical, responsible, organized, etc. Green: analytical, precise, competitive, curious, investigative, thinking, learner, etc. Blue: caring, creative, feeling-based, emotional, people person, human interaction, etc. Orange: adventurous, spontaneous, risk-taker, competitive, exciting, learning by experience, etc. Gold → normal, basic; Green → mathematical, calculated; Blue → feeling, emotional; Orange → activity, experiences Les types d'apprenants: Visuel → tu apprends en observant et en regardant Auditif → tu apprends en écoutant Kinesthésique → tu apprends au toucher et en passant à l'action Les Hémishperes: L'hémisphère gauche du cerveau est associé avec la logique, au langage et à la pensée analytique. Il excelle quand il s'agit de nommer et de catégoriser des choses, dans tout ce qui est abstraction symbolique, la parole, la lecture, l'écriture et l'arithmétique. Le mode de pensée est linéaire, chaque chose est placée de façon séquentielle, selon un certain ordre. L'hémisphère droit fonctionne d'une manière synthétique et excelle dans tout ce qui est visuel spatial, les perceptions, et l'intuition. La pensée est non linéaire et non séquentielle et le traitement est très rapide. Les types de personnalités: Artistique → Creative, expressive, enjoys working with ideas, art, or design Entreprenant → Persuasive, energetic, enjoys leadership roles, business-oriented Realiste → Practical, hands-on, prefers working with tools, machines, or outdoors Social → Friendly, cooperative, enjoys helping others, strong interpersonal skills Investigateur → Analytical, curious, enjoys research and problem-solving Conventionnel → Organized, detail-oriented, prefers structured tasks, good with data and numbers Lecture du Perspective Ecouter ton coeur Trouvez vos passions Le Conférence Board Le Conference Board du Canada est le principal organisme indépendant de recherche appliquée du pays L'organisation à but non lucratif fournit des informations exploitables pour aider les dirigeants du Canada à prendre des décisions éclairées et fondées sur des données probantes. Les compétences réutilisables (transferable skills): A l’heure Travail en equipe Responsable Organiser Flexible Le Tableau Éducatif (High School Planner): • Les cours que vous choisissez en prenant en considération les exigences (myBlueprint) OSSD (Ontario Secondary School Diploma) et les exigences: (Requirements): OSSLT 40 heures de services bénévolat 30 cours d'école secondaire 10 pour certificat français Со-ор: Un stage dans votre domaine préparé pendant votre année scolaire. 2 crédits par semestre ou 4 par an. Vos notes sont décidées par vos performances dans ce stage d'emploi. Les tendances dans le monde du travail: L'ancien monde du travail - Les salaires fixes avec le bénéfices et pensions Emploi pour tout le vie Hierarchie Grande compagnies 9-5 routines fixe Habileté spécifique Services essentiels était fournis par les autres L'éducation en premier Le nouveau monde du travail - 6 à 8 changements majeures Emploi temps courte terme (gig work) Petite entreprise avec une but spécifique Horaire flexible Télétravail (remote work) Les compétences réutilisables Chaque personne est responsable pour leur services essentiel La sécurité en travail + WHMIS: Plus de 16 000 jeunes de moins de 25 ans sont blessés au travail chaque année This can happen through: lifting, cutting, burns, slipping, falling, strains, etc. Appropriate orientation and health and safety training by the employer is REQUIRED when a young person starts a new job Tu as le droit de dire NON au travail quand l'environnement n'est pas sain Les parents peuvent avoir des conversations avec leurs enfants pour les garder sain et sauf au travail WHMIS: Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System WHMIS in French: Système d'information sur les matières dangereuses utilisées au travail (SIMDUT) La communication: L'émetteur ou l'émetteur est la personnage qui envoie le message Le ou la destinataire et le personne qui reçoit le message Rétroaction: Feedback, les gestes, les expressions du visage et des réponses Jargon (complicated language) Les gens passent plus de temps à écouter qu'à toute autre forme de communication Écouter est la participation et quand vous processe de l'information Entendre est quand vous écoutez le bruit Avec concentration V.S. Sans concentration 75% de l'information continue dans un message peut se perdre La communication non-verbale: Expressions Visuelles, les gestes et la posture. Des vêtements, des mouvements de corps, du soins de l'apparence Les demandes d'emploi: - quitter 2 semaines en avance Vos droits au travail: Heures de travail et périodes de repas → 8 hours full time (after 5 hours, 30 minutes needed to eat) Heures supplémentaires → After 44 hours, it hours, it becomes overtime (which is 1.5 times your normal pay) Le salaire minimum → $17,20 (adulte) et $16,20 (étudiant) Le jour de paie → it has to be consistent Les vacances et la salaire: 4% of gross salary (*if you are working for less than 5 years, 2 weeks of unpaid, but if 5 years then it's 3 weeks) Les jours fériés (public holidays) → il y en a 9! Les congés → varies from job La notification → to give notice at a job L'âge d'embaucher → you can be hired at 16! L'entraînement→ you get paid even when you are being trained at a job Déductions → after all of your deductions, this is the money you can actually get to take home Équipes (shifts) → 8 heures de repos entre Bénéfices → depends on the job Vacances → depends on the job Démissionner → at least two weeks of notice (resignation) Renvoyer → to be fired Licenciement → to be laid off (could be permanent or you may be called back) Income → money you receive in exchange for labour, products, or services Gross income → total personal income before deductions Net income → personal income after deductions; also known as "take home pay"; what you "catch in your net" is what you take home Deductions - > money that is subtracted from your total income, usually by the employer (taxes, Canada Pension Plan, employment insurance premiums, union dues, benefits plan, life insurance premiums, disability premiums, savings programs, work pension plan, etc.) Canada Pension Plan → a compulsory, earnings-related insurance program that provides you and your family with partial replacement of earnings in the case of retirement, disability, or death Employment benefits → non-wage compensation provided to employees in addition to their normal wages or salaries; these usually include health, dental, or retirement plans arranged for by the employer Income tax → a percentage of your income is paid to the government to cover public services within our social infrastructure such as pensions, health care, roads, public education, etc. L'entrepreneuriat (caractéristiques): Ambitious Rejection makes you determined to succeed Don't mind working long hours Strong convictions and beliefs Organized Trust your own judgements Self-confident Self-starter Likes working with people but can also work alone Good people skills Not afraid to ask for money and help Enjoys challenges Responsible Risk taker Likes to do things in their own way Leader C.V. (Resume): A summary of your education, skills, and work history An advertisement of you The purpose is to get an interview Different fields of jobs require different resumes as each resume should emphasize different aspects of your work experience Employers spend around 15 seconds looking over a resume No more than 2 pages Neat, easy to read, and well-organized No use of personal pronouns No complete sentences Leave out anything negative La lettre de présentation (cover letter): Additional information about your skills, experience, and why you are a good fit for the position A personalized introduction to the employer and complements your resume by explaining your motivation for applying and highlighting relevant qualifications Purpose: an introduction to your application and allows you to express your interest in the position and the company; gives you the chance to emphasize specific skills and experiences that match the job description; can be used to explain career transitions or gaps in employment; allows you to demonstrate how your background, skills, and interests align with the company's needs and values Tailor your cover letter for each job application to reflect the job description and company culture Keep it to one page, clear, and focused on the most relevant information Use a formal tone and avoid overly casual language Les references: Relatives are NOT valid Ideal ones: present or previous employers; a previous teacher; a respected person in the community (a pastor, lawyer, etc.); a family friend Always include: their full name; their business position or professional title; their business address their business telephone number Always ask the person's permission to use their name as a reference Les Entrevues (interviews): "Vous n'aurez jamais une chance de faire une bonne première impression" - David Swanson "Body languages is 90% of the message communicated" C'est l'occasion de le convaincre que tue es le meilleur candidat pour le poste La préparation devrait commencer avec des recherches Tu devrais te renseigner au sujet de l'entreprise et du poste Tu devrais connaître tous les taches nécessaire pour cette emploi Tu devrais préparer à l'avance les réponses aux questions qui sont typiquement posées pendant les entrevues Le jour de l'entrevue arrivé à l'heure, apporter une portfolio ou un dossier avec une copie supplémentaire de ton C.V et de ta lettre de présentation, une page tapée avec tes références Porte des vêtements propres et repassés porte pas des parfums ou d'autre produit d'odeur Le présentation: (greet your interviewer, shake their hand with confidence, don't sit down until they ask you, or ask them, smile) L'échange: La plus longue période de l'entrevue, c'est quand vous êtes posé beaucoup des questions, resté calme et répond avec confiance Maintiens le contact des yeux quand vous êtes posé des questions. Pour tes réponses soit spécifique répond avec les réponses plus détaillé que "oui" ou "non" Si vous ne comprenez pas la questions demande pour une meilleure explication Une moment dans l'entrevue l'intervieweur te demandera si tu as des questions à poser, ne quitte jamais l'entrevue sans poser des questions. La conclusion: C'est la dernière chance d'impressionner l'employeur. Souris et remercie l'intervieweur de t'avoir accordé l'entrevue. Exprime tes intérêts pour cet emploi. (You can shake their hand again.) Quite l'entrevue de façon positive et confiante. Après l'entrevue noter certains détails importants, comme le nom et le titre de l'intervieweur, les questions posées, etc. Envoyé l'employeur une lettre pour l'impressionner réaffirme ton enthousiasme. Utilise le 30 inch standard ne soyez pas très proche de lui pour assurer que l'interviewer n'est nas uncomfortable Revision pour examen de carrières Le Processus du développement de vie ou carrière: 1. Connaissance de soi • Centres d'intérêt, habiletés, compétences, aptitudes, valeurs, style personnel. 2. Connaissance de la carrière visée • Communauté/loisirs éducation Occupations/ métiers 3. Vision long-terme Détermination des objectifs • Prise de décision Un portfolio: • Un ensemble de documents pour montrer ta connaissance, avec tes habiletés et compétences. Les Valeurs (des adolescents): • Les exemples comme l'amitié, Être aimé ou aimé, Liberté, Succès, Vie aisée, Intimité, Vie familiale, Emotions vives, Reconnaissance, Popularité Les habiletés (skills): • Les choses que tu peux faire pour un certain emploi. Q.I, Les Intelligences Multiples, Howard Gardner: Q.I: Une note de vos assessments standard, et vos intelligences traditionnelles Évalué à travers des tests standardisés Pour évaluer diverses capacités cognitives, telles que la résolution de problèmes, le raisonnement, la mémoire, les compétences mathématiques et la compréhension verbale Howard Gardner: Un psychologue américain du développement renommé Surtout connu pour sa théorie des intelligences multiples A eu un impact profond sur les pratiques éducatives, encourageant les éducateurs à adapter les méthodes d'enseignement aux différentes intelligences des élèves 1. L'intelligence Corporelle: (athletics capabilities and intelligence) -Vous comprenez les forces et les faiblesses de votre corps -Vous êtes capable de contrôler la façon dont votre corps bouge- vous avez une bonne coordination Vous êtes habile à travailler avec vos mains 2. L'intelligence Visuelle-spatiale:(artistic capabilities) - Vous voyez des images dans votre imagination -Vous remarquez les couleurs, les formes et les contours - Vous savez fabriquer des maquettes pleines d'imagination à partir d'argile,d'argile, de peinture ou de bois pour illustrer vos idées 3. L'intelligence Intrapersonnelle: ( personnel intelligence, independence) Vous etes presque toujours conscient de vos propres sentiments et émotions Vous avez des objectifs bien définis pour votre avenir Vous êtes motivé, vous agissez de votre propre initiative. 4. L'intelligence Musicale: (musical intelligence) -Vous appréciez divers genres Vous appréciez divers genres de musique Vous chantez et jouez d'un de musique Vous composez des mélodies dans votre tête. 5. L'intelligence Logico-Mathématique (mathematical capabilities or interests) Vous tirez des conclusions à partir de ce que vous observez Vous aimez découvrir les cohérences, les tendances et les éléments systématiques de la vie Vous aimez travailler avec les chiffres et les données scientifiques 6. L'intelligence Verbo-Linguistique (How you communicate and understand languages) Vous connaissez et vous utilisez un grand nombre de mots Vous savez manier la langue correctement Vous comprenez combien il est important d'avoir un vocabulaire étendu pour communiquer. 7. L'intelligence Interpersonnelle (social skills and adaptability) Vous aimez être avec les autres Vous êtes sensible à l'égard des sentiments des autres On vous respecte parce que vous vous entendez bien avec les autres 8. L'intelligence Naturaliste: ( Like being in nature enjoy the outdoors) (didn't talk about this at all in class) Les couleurs: "We are a blend of all four colours and although we have a preference for one colour or type, we use all four in various aspects of our lives" Gold: calm, collected, normal, practical, responsible, organized, etc. Green: analytical, precise, competitive, curious, investigative, thinking, learner, etc. Blue: caring, creative, feeling-based, emotional, people person, human interaction, etc. Orange: adventurous, spontaneous, risk-taker, competitive, exciting, learning by experience, etc. Gold → normal, basic; Green → mathematical, calculated; Blue → feeling, emotional; Orange → activity, experiences Les types d'apprenants: Visuel → tu apprends en observant et en regardant Auditif → tu apprends en écoutant Kinesthésique → tu apprends au toucher et en passant à l'action Les Hémishperes: L'hémisphère gauche du cerveau est associé avec la logique, au langage et à la pensée analytique. Il excelle quand il s'agit de nommer et de catégoriser des choses, dans tout ce qui est abstraction symbolique, la parole, la lecture, l'écriture et l'arithmétique. Le mode de pensée est linéaire, chaque chose est placée de façon séquentielle, selon un certain ordre. L'hémisphère droit fonctionne d'une manière synthétique et excelle dans tout ce qui est visuel spatial, les perceptions, et l'intuition. La pensée est non linéaire et non séquentielle et le traitement est très rapide. Les types de personnalités: Artistique → Creative, expressive, enjoys working with ideas, art, or design Entreprenant → Persuasive, energetic, enjoys leadership roles, business-oriented Realiste → Practical, hands-on, prefers working with tools, machines, or outdoors Social → Friendly, cooperative, enjoys helping others, strong interpersonal skills Investigateur → Analytical, curious, enjoys research and problem-solving Conventionnel → Organized, detail-oriented, prefers structured tasks, good with data and numbers Lecture du Perspective Ecouter ton coeur Trouvez vos passions Le Conférence Board Le Conference Board du Canada est le principal organisme indépendant de recherche appliquée du pays L'organisation à but non lucratif fournit des informations exploitables pour aider les dirigeants du Canada à prendre des décisions éclairées et fondées sur des données probantes. Les compétences réutilisables (transferable skills): A l’heure Travail en equipe Responsable Organiser Flexible Le Tableau Éducatif (High School Planner): • Les cours que vous choisissez en prenant en considération les exigences (myBlueprint) OSSD (Ontario Secondary School Diploma) et les exigences: (Requirements): OSSLT 40 heures de services bénévolat 30 cours d'école secondaire 10 pour certificat français Со-ор: Un stage dans votre domaine préparé pendant votre année scolaire. 2 crédits par semestre ou 4 par an. Vos notes sont décidées par vos performances dans ce stage d'emploi. Les tendances dans le monde du travail: L'ancien monde du travail - Les salaires fixes avec le bénéfices et pensions Emploi pour tout le vie Hierarchie Grande compagnies 9-5 routines fixe Habileté spécifique Services essentiels était fournis par les autres L'éducation en premier Le nouveau monde du travail - 6 à 8 changements majeures Emploi temps courte terme (gig work) Petite entreprise avec une but spécifique Horaire flexible Télétravail (remote work) Les compétences réutilisables Chaque personne est responsable pour leur services essentiel La sécurité en travail + WHMIS: Plus de 16 000 jeunes de moins de 25 ans sont blessés au travail chaque année This can happen through: lifting, cutting, burns, slipping, falling, strains, etc. Appropriate orientation and health and safety training by the employer is REQUIRED when a young person starts a new job Tu as le droit de dire NON au travail quand l'environnement n'est pas sain Les parents peuvent avoir des conversations avec leurs enfants pour les garder sain et sauf au travail WHMIS: Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System WHMIS in French: Système d'information sur les matières dangereuses utilisées au travail (SIMDUT) La communication: L'émetteur ou l'émetteur est la personnage qui envoie le message Le ou la destinataire et le personne qui reçoit le message Rétroaction: Feedback, les gestes, les expressions du visage et des réponses Jargon (complicated language) Les gens passent plus de temps à écouter qu'à toute autre forme de communication Écouter est la participation et quand vous processe de l'information Entendre est quand vous écoutez le bruit Avec concentration V.S. Sans concentration 75% de l'information continue dans un message peut se perdre La communication non-verbale: Expressions Visuelles, les gestes et la posture. Des vêtements, des mouvements de corps, du soins de l'apparence Les demandes d'emploi: - quitter 2 semaines en avance Vos droits au travail: Heures de travail et périodes de repas → 8 hours full time (after 5 hours, 30 minutes needed to eat) Heures supplémentaires → After 44 hours, it hours, it becomes overtime (which is 1.5 times your normal pay) Le salaire minimum → $17,20 (adulte) et $16,20 (étudiant) Le jour de paie → it has to be consistent Les vacances et la salaire: 4% of gross salary (*if you are working for less than 5 years, 2 weeks of unpaid, but if 5 years then it's 3 weeks) Les jours fériés (public holidays) → il y en a 9! Les congés → varies from job La notification → to give notice at a job L'âge d'embaucher → you can be hired at 16! L'entraînement→ you get paid even when you are being trained at a job Déductions → after all of your deductions, this is the money you can actually get to take home Équipes (shifts) → 8 heures de repos entre Bénéfices → depends on the job Vacances → depends on the job Démissionner → at least two weeks of notice (resignation) Renvoyer → to be fired Licenciement → to be laid off (could be permanent or you may be called back) Income → money you receive in exchange for labour, products, or services Gross income → total personal income before deductions Net income → personal income after deductions; also known as "take home pay"; what you "catch in your net" is what you take home Deductions - > money that is subtracted from your total income, usually by the employer (taxes, Canada Pension Plan, employment insurance premiums, union dues, benefits plan, life insurance premiums, disability premiums, savings programs, work pension plan, etc.) Canada Pension Plan → a compulsory, earnings-related insurance program that provides you and your family with partial replacement of earnings in the case of retirement, disability, or death Employment benefits → non-wage compensation provided to employees in addition to their normal wages or salaries; these usually include health, dental, or retirement plans arranged for by the employer Income tax → a percentage of your income is paid to the government to cover public services within our social infrastructure such as pensions, health care, roads, public education, etc. L'entrepreneuriat (caractéristiques): Ambitious Rejection makes you determined to succeed Don't mind working long hours Strong convictions and beliefs Organized Trust your own judgements Self-confident Self-starter Likes working with people but can also work alone Good people skills Not afraid to ask for money and help Enjoys challenges Responsible Risk taker Likes to do things in their own way Leader C.V. (Resume): A summary of your education, skills, and work history An advertisement of you The purpose is to get an interview Different fields of jobs require different resumes as each resume should emphasize different aspects of your work experience Employers spend around 15 seconds looking over a resume No more than 2 pages Neat, easy to read, and well-organized No use of personal pronouns No complete sentences Leave out anything negative La lettre de présentation (cover letter): Additional information about your skills, experience, and why you are a good fit for the position A personalized introduction to the employer and complements your resume by explaining your motivation for applying and highlighting relevant qualifications Purpose: an introduction to your application and allows you to express your interest in the position and the company; gives you the chance to emphasize specific skills and experiences that match the job description; can be used to explain career transitions or gaps in employment; allows you to demonstrate how your background, skills, and interests align with the company's needs and values Tailor your cover letter for each job application to reflect the job description and company culture Keep it to one page, clear, and focused on the most relevant information Use a formal tone and avoid overly casual language Les references: Relatives are NOT valid Ideal ones: present or previous employers; a previous teacher; a respected person in the community (a pastor, lawyer, etc.); a family friend Always include: their full name; their business position or professional title; their business address their business telephone number Always ask the person's permission to use their name as a reference Les Entrevues (interviews): "Vous n'aurez jamais une chance de faire une bonne première impression" - David Swanson "Body languages is 90% of the message communicated" C'est l'occasion de le convaincre que tue es le meilleur candidat pour le poste La préparation devrait commencer avec des recherches Tu devrais te renseigner au sujet de l'entreprise et du poste Tu devrais connaître tous les taches nécessaire pour cette emploi Tu devrais préparer à l'avance les réponses aux questions qui sont typiquement posées pendant les entrevues Le jour de l'entrevue arrivé à l'heure, apporter une portfolio ou un dossier avec une copie supplémentaire de ton C.V et de ta lettre de présentation, une page tapée avec tes références Porte des vêtements propres et repassés porte pas des parfums ou d'autre produit d'odeur Le présentation: (greet your interviewer, shake their hand with confidence, don't sit down until they ask you, or ask them, smile) L'échange: La plus longue période de l'entrevue, c'est quand vous êtes posé beaucoup des questions, resté calme et répond avec confiance Maintiens le contact des yeux quand vous êtes posé des questions. Pour tes réponses soit spécifique répond avec les réponses plus détaillé que "oui" ou "non" Si vous ne comprenez pas la questions demande pour une meilleure explication Une moment dans l'entrevue l'intervieweur te demandera si tu as des questions à poser, ne quitte jamais l'entrevue sans poser des questions. La conclusion: C'est la dernière chance d'impressionner l'employeur. Souris et remercie l'intervieweur de t'avoir accordé l'entrevue. Exprime tes intérêts pour cet emploi. (You can shake their hand again.) Quite l'entrevue de façon positive et confiante. Après l'entrevue noter certains détails importants, comme le nom et le titre de l'intervieweur, les questions posées, etc. Envoyé l'employeur une lettre pour l'impressionner réaffirme ton enthousiasme. Utilise le 30 inch standard ne soyez pas très proche de lui pour assurer que l'interviewer n'est nas uncomfortable

Nicolaus Copernicus • Made Heliocentric Theory- Star, the earth and other planets rotate around the sun Galileo Galilei • Built telescope • Proved the heliocentric theory • Faced inquisition and recanted his work Issac Newton • Made Law of Universal Gravitation •  All physical object are affected equally by the same forces • The same forces rule the motion of the planets and all matter in earth and space Rene Descartes • Wrote “discourse on method” • Made his own scientific method- scientific study should be done using deductive reasoning to test hypothesis Enlightenment- Stressed reason and thought and the power of individual to solve problems  Philosophes • The 5 concepts of their core belief were reason, nature, happiness, progress and liberty Thomas Hobbes • Convinced people were naturally selfish and wicked • Felt governments were needed to keep order  • Like the idea of the social contract Social Contract • Strong government is needed to keep citizens under control • People gave up rights to a strong leader in exchange for law and order • Hobbes felt that an absolute monarchy was the best form of government  John Locke • Believed people could learn from  experience and improvement of himself • They had the natural ability to govern their own affairs and look after the welfare of society • Believed in everyone is born with natural rights of life liberty and property • Gov is based on the consent of the governed • Believed government had the responsibility to provide these rights and people had the power to overthrow it Natural Rights- Everyone is born with basic rights that nobody (monarchy) can take Voltaire • Used satire • Targeted the clergy, upper class and government  • Fought for tolerance, freedom of religion belief and freedom of speech Montesquieu • Believed in Separation of Power because would keep any individual from gaining total control • Executive: British king and his minster • Legislative: Parliament • Judicial: The judges Rousseau • Believed civilization corrupts people's natural goodness • Wrote the “Social Contract” • Government wa an agreement among free india; to create a society and government (NOT AN AGREEMENT BETWEEN PEOPLE AND GOVERNMENT) WOMEN IN ENLIGHTENMENT • Philosophes took a traditional view on the role of women • Rousseau believed a woman’s education should be to prepare her to be a wife and mother • Other males scolded women for reading, that it could cause wickedness • Wealthy women held social gatherings called salons to spread the ideas of the enlightenment Mary Wollstonecraft • argued in favor of educating women, urged women to enter male dominated fields  ROYALS
Fredrick ll of Prussia • Granted religious tolerance • Reduced the amount of torture • Allowed freedom from the press Catherine the Great of Russia • Created national school system • Brought in all nobles and townspeople for convention on how to improve russia and modernize it The Old regime- a system of feudalism left over from the middle ages THREE ESTATES The First Estate  • Roman catholic church • Owned 10% of the land • Paid 2% f their income to government Second estate • Nobility • 2% f population • Owned 20% of the land • Paid almost no tax The Third Estate • 98% of the population Bourgeoise • Merchants,doctors and professionals • Well educated and wealthy • Believed strongly in the enlightenment ideals of liberty and equality  Workers • cooks, servants, factory workers, and etc • Paid low wages and were often out of work\ Peasants • 80% of population •  paid half of their income to the nobles,church and to the king  Start of revolution Factors leading to revolution- resentment of the first and second estate Legacy of the enlightenment • People were willing to question longstanding notions about society  Economic woes • High taxes and increase in cost of living • Bad weather leading to crop failures • Government debt Louis VI and Marie Antoinette • Lovis had been forced to call a meeting of the Estates General to get approval for tax reform  • Third estate, has little voice • Third estate created a new body to pass laws and reforms in the name of the French people • end of the absolute monarchy and beginning of representatives government. Tennis Court Oath • National Assembly was locked out of their chambers  • Broke into the indoor tennis court, signed a pledge that they would remain there until they’d written a new constitution  Storming of Bastille • in 1789 • Rumors spread that the kings was bringing Swiss Guards to paris to put down unrest • Bastille was a prison and an arsenal in Paris The Great Fear • Peasants took arms against the nobles  • People marched on versailles demanding that the royal family be brought to paris where they coil be closely observed  Revolution Terror and Empire The Jacobins • A radical political group • Called for “five or six” hundred head cut off to rid france of the enemies of the Revolution • Found Louis XVI guilty for treason and had him guillotine Maximilien Robespierre • Led the jacobins in the effort to rid france of all trace of monarchy and nobility • Gathered enough power to rule france in the style of a dictator  The Reign of Terror • Revolutionary courts sent thousands to their death for the crime of being an enemy of state  • 85% of the executed were peasants or urban poor n • Placed powerThe terror ended with execution of Robespierre himself  Napoleon Start of Napolean  • the death of Robespierre ended the terror • They were looking for stability • New  Constitution in upper middle class • Appointed napoleon to command france armies COUP D’ETAT • By 1799 the director had lost control • Napoleon quickly assumed dictatorial power as the first consul of the French Republic  New Economy and Faith • Set up a fair tax code and national band • Fired corrupt official and appointed new ones  • Created public schools Napoleanic Code • Uniform set of laws that brought stability eliminated injustices • Women lost rights • Freedom of speech restricted • Slavery was restored Church and Government • Rejected church control on national affairs and allowed govt to appoint church leaders Rebellion of Saint Dominque • Loss of his colonies napoleon gave up the idea of having a empire in the new world Louisiana Purchase • Sell claim to North America to raise cash Napoleon Power over eEurope • Napoleon crushed all enemies in europe • By 1810 Napoleon indirectly control almost all europe Invasion on russia  • Napoleon decided to invade russia with 2 million soldiers • Napoleon pursued russians toward capital russians burned everything behind them • Napoleon retreated leaving  with 10000 left End of napoleon • gave up the thrown • Was given a small pension and sent on the island of Elba Hundred days • Napoleon named emperor • Powers of europe were not going to let it happen • Waterloo War and French loss Final Exile • St. Helena- A remote island in the South Atlantic  Haitian Revolution Haiti • Became the second independent nation state in western Hemisphere • Site of largest successful slave revolt in history Saint Dominque (haiti) • The richest french colony • 40% of the worlds sugar and 60% of the coffee Grand Blances • Wealthy plantation owner • Merchants and lawyer • Held political power Petite Blances •  Poor whites • Little political power Gens de Couleur Libres • Free people of color, many of mixed race • Their political power varied according to the land they owned and the wealth they controlled • In contention with the petits blancs Slaves • Extremely harsh treatment of slaves caused high mortality and low fertility rates • Led to constant importation of slaves from Africa (40,000/year) People in Saint Domingue heard of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and revolution in France The Haiti Revolution  • The National Assembly gave full citizenship based on property and wealth instead of race • Fighting began between the petits blancs and the gens de couleur • Slaves across plantations joined together and the rebellion spread across the colony Spain and Britain attempted to weaken French presence on the island French Abolish Slavery Revolutionary armies in Haiti join with French to fight against the British and Spanish Toussaint Louverture • Organized and led slave rebellions • As governor • Constitution of 1801 • Abolished slavery • Santo Domingo remains French • Toussaint Louverture = Governor General for life Napoleon sent an Army to Reconquer St. Domingue • Massive French casualties • Haitian Independence, 1804 ◦ Jean Jacques Dessaline ▪ Lead Haitian revolutionaries to victories over French troops ▪ Dessalines declared emperor  Latin American Revolutions  Roots of the Revolution • Rigid social structure • Ideas of the Enlightenment and other revolutions Gradual weakening of the Spanish Empire Social hierarchy  • Peninsulares ◦ Colonist who were born in Spain or Portugal • Creoles ◦ Colonists born in the Americas of ethnic Spanish or Portuguese descent • Mestizo ◦ Colonists born in the Americas to ethnically European and Native American parents Spanish South America • Local Juntas (government) of Creoles declare independence from Spain • Peninsulares rally support for the Spanish crown Simón Bolívar • Creole • Liberal / Conservative, wanted to keep the social order, just with Creoles in charge • Eventually supported abolition of slavery to gain more troops • Bolivar’s army defeats loyalists in the North and moves south towards Peru José de San Martín • Peninsulare • Victorious in the South pushes North towards Peru Guayaquil Conference • Bolivar declared head of revolution, San Martin retires Final Independence and Outcome • Ideal of creating united Spanish South America • Bolivar elected president • Limited Democracies formed in new nations • Caudillos (A military or political leader) ◦ Local strongmen come to power • Slavery abolished, but issues of race remain Brazil • King Joao VI flees Portugal and sets up court in Brazil, goes home in 1821 • Prince Pedro left in charge of Brazil Independance • Brazilians noticed revolutions in Spanish colonies • Resentment of Portuguese economic power and social system • Pedro I declared emperor of independent Brazil Pedro I • Emperor  • Opposed slavery • Attempts to limit slavery result in Pedro abdicating (resigning) • Slavery continues in Brazil until 1888 • Last emperor Pedro II overthrown in 1889 Mexico • Creoles want to rebel against the king, Peninsulares loyal and brutally enforce their power • Severe food shortages and inflation • 3 phases in revolution Phase 1 • Mestizo and Native Americans see all rich white Mexicans as the problem • Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, creole ◦ Leads a ragged army ◦ Hidalgo and rebels defeated by united Peninsulares and Creoles, Hidalgo executed Phase 2 • Jose Maria Morelos takes over • Declares independence, and writes constitution • Defeated and executed by loyalists Phase 3 • Spanish King forced to give up some power • Guerrilla rebels team up with Loyalist soldiers and declare independence • Mexico becomes independent republic in 1823 Outcomes • Revolutions leaves Mexico in disarray • Central America break off • Caudillo  ◦ Antonio Santa Anna comes to power • 1848 loss off 55% of Mexico to the US in Mexican American War

Scientific Revolution- Thought about the natural world based on careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs  Nicolaus Copernicus • Made Heliocentric Theory- Star, the earth and other planets rotate around the sun Galileo Galilei • Built telescope • Proved the heliocentric theory • Faced inquisition and recanted his work Issac Newton • Made Law of Universal Gravitation •  All physical object are affected equally by the same forces • The same forces rule the motion of the planets and all matter in earth and space Rene Descartes • Wrote “discourse on method” • Made his own scientific method- scientific study should be done using deductive reasoning to test hypothesis Enlightenment- Stressed reason and thought and the power of individual to solve problems  Philosophes • The 5 concepts of their core belief were reason, nature, happiness, progress and liberty Thomas Hobbes • Convinced people were naturally selfish and wicked • Felt governments were needed to keep order  • Like the idea of the social contract Social Contract • Strong government is needed to keep citizens under control • People gave up rights to a strong leader in exchange for law and order • Hobbes felt that an absolute monarchy was the best form of government  John Locke • Believed people could learn from  experience and improvement of himself • They had the natural ability to govern their own affairs and look after the welfare of society • Believed in everyone is born with natural rights of life liberty and property • Gov is based on the consent of the governed • Believed government had the responsibility to provide these rights and people had the power to overthrow it Natural Rights- Everyone is born with basic rights that nobody (monarchy) can take Voltaire • Used satire • Targeted the clergy, upper class and government  • Fought for tolerance, freedom of religion belief and freedom of speech Montesquieu • Believed in Separation of Power because would keep any individual from gaining total control • Executive: British king and his minster • Legislative: Parliament • Judicial: The judges Rousseau • Believed civilization corrupts people's natural goodness • Wrote the “Social Contract” • Government wa an agreement among free india; to create a society and government (NOT AN AGREEMENT BETWEEN PEOPLE AND GOVERNMENT) WOMEN IN ENLIGHTENMENT  • Philosophes took a traditional view on the role of women • Rousseau believed a woman’s education should be to prepare her to be a wife and mother • Other males scolded women for reading, that it could cause wickedness • Wealthy women held social gatherings called salons to spread the ideas of the enlightenment Mary Wollstonecraft • argued in favor of educating women, urged women to enter male dominated fields  ROYALS
Fredrick ll of Prussia • Granted religious tolerance • Reduced the amount of torture • Allowed freedom from the press Catherine the Great of Russia • Created national school system • Brought in all nobles and townspeople for convention on how to improve russia and modernize it FRENCH REVOLUTION The Old regime- a system of feudalism left over from the middle ages THREE ESTATES The First Estate  • Roman catholic church • Owned 10% of the land • Paid 2% f their income to government Second estate • Nobility • 2% f population • Owned 20% of the land • Paid almost no tax The Third Estate • 98% of the population Bourgeoise • Merchants,doctors and professionals • Well educated and wealthy • Believed strongly in the enlightenment ideals of liberty and equality  Workers • cooks, servants, factory workers, and etc • Paid low wages and were often out of work\ Peasants • 80% of population •  paid half of their income to the nobles,church and to the king  Start of revolution Factors leading to revolution- resentment of the first and second estate Legacy of the enlightenment • People were willing to question longstanding notions about society  Economic woes • High taxes and increase in cost of living • Bad weather leading to crop failures • Government debt Louis VI and Marie Antoinette • Lovis had been forced to call a meeting of the Estates General to get approval for tax reform  • Third estate, has little voice • Third estate created a new body to pass laws and reforms in the name of the French people • end of the absolute monarchy and beginning of representatives government. Tennis Court Oath • National Assembly was locked out of their chambers  • Broke into the indoor tennis court, signed a pledge that they would remain there until they’d written a new constitution  Storming of Bastille • in 1789 • Rumors spread that the kings was bringing Swiss Guards to paris to put down unrest • Bastille was a prison and an arsenal in Paris The Great Fear • Peasants took arms against the nobles  • People marched on versailles demanding that the royal family be brought to paris where they coil be closely observed  Revolution Terror and Empire The Jacobins • A radical political group • Called for “five or six” hundred head cut off to rid france of the enemies of the Revolution • Found Louis XVI guilty for treason and had him guillotine Maximilien Robespierre • Led the jacobins in the effort to rid france of all trace of monarchy and nobility • Gathered enough power to rule france in the style of a dictator  The Reign of Terror • Revolutionary courts sent thousands to their death for the crime of being an enemy of state  • 85% of the executed were peasants or urban poor n • Placed powerThe terror ended with execution of Robespierre himself  Napoleon Start of Napolean  • the death of Robespierre ended the terror • They were looking for stability • New  Constitution in upper middle class • Appointed napoleon to command france armies COUP D’ETAT • By 1799 the director had lost control • Napoleon quickly assumed dictatorial power as the first consul of the French Republic  New Economy and Faith • Set up a fair tax code and national band • Fired corrupt official and appointed new ones  • Created public schools Napoleanic Code • Uniform set of laws that brought stability eliminated injustices • Women lost rights • Freedom of speech restricted • Slavery was restored Church and Government • Rejected church control on national affairs and allowed govt to appoint church leaders Rebellion of Saint Dominque • Loss of his colonies napoleon gave up the idea of having a empire in the new world Louisiana Purchase • Sell claim to North America to raise cash Napoleon Power over eEurope • Napoleon crushed all enemies in europe • By 1810 Napoleon indirectly control almost all europe Invasion on russia  • Napoleon decided to invade russia with 2 million soldiers • Napoleon pursued russians toward capital russians burned everything behind them • Napoleon retreated leaving  with 10000 left End of napoleon • gave up the thrown • Was given a small pension and sent on the island of Elba Hundred days • Napoleon named emperor • Powers of europe were not going to let it happen • Waterloo War and French loss Final Exile • St. Helena- A remote island in the South Atlantic  Haitian Revolution Haiti • Became the second independent nation state in western Hemisphere • Site of largest successful slave revolt in history Saint Dominque (haiti) • The richest french colony • 40% of the worlds sugar and 60% of the coffee Grand Blances • Wealthy plantation owner • Merchants and lawyer • Held political power Petite Blances •  Poor whites • Little political power Gens de Couleur Libres • Free people of color, many of mixed race • Their political power varied according to the land they owned and the wealth they controlled • In contention with the petits blancs Slaves • Extremely harsh treatment of slaves caused high mortality and low fertility rates • Led to constant importation of slaves from Africa (40,000/year) People in Saint Domingue heard of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and revolution in France The Haiti Revolution  • The National Assembly gave full citizenship based on property and wealth instead of race • Fighting began between the petits blancs and the gens de couleur • Slaves across plantations joined together and the rebellion spread across the colony Spain and Britain attempted to weaken French presence on the island French Abolish Slavery Revolutionary armies in Haiti join with French to fight against the British and Spanish Toussaint Louverture • Organized and led slave rebellions • As governor • Constitution of 1801 • Abolished slavery • Santo Domingo remains French • Toussaint Louverture = Governor General for life Napoleon sent an Army to Reconquer St. Domingue • Massive French casualties • Haitian Independence, 1804 ◦ Jean Jacques Dessaline ▪ Lead Haitian revolutionaries to victories over French troops ▪ Dessalines declared emperor  Latin American Revolutions  Roots of the Revolution • Rigid social structure • Ideas of the Enlightenment and other revolutions Gradual weakening of the Spanish Empire Social hierarchy  • Peninsulares ◦ Colonist who were born in Spain or Portugal • Creoles ◦ Colonists born in the Americas of ethnic Spanish or Portuguese descent • Mestizo ◦ Colonists born in the Americas to ethnically European and Native American parents Spanish South America • Local Juntas (government) of Creoles declare independence from Spain • Peninsulares rally support for the Spanish crown Simón Bolívar • Creole • Liberal / Conservative, wanted to keep the social order, just with Creoles in charge • Eventually supported abolition of slavery to gain more troops • Bolivar’s army defeats loyalists in the North and moves south towards Peru José de San Martín • Peninsulare • Victorious in the South pushes North towards Peru Guayaquil Conference • Bolivar declared head of revolution, San Martin retires Final Independence and Outcome • Ideal of creating united Spanish South America • Bolivar elected president • Limited Democracies formed in new nations • Caudillos (A military or political leader) ◦ Local strongmen come to power • Slavery abolished, but issues of race remain Brazil • King Joao VI flees Portugal and sets up court in Brazil, goes home in 1821 • Prince Pedro left in charge of Brazil Independance • Brazilians noticed revolutions in Spanish colonies • Resentment of Portuguese economic power and social system • Pedro I declared emperor of independent Brazil Pedro I • Emperor  • Opposed slavery • Attempts to limit slavery result in Pedro abdicating (resigning) • Slavery continues in Brazil until 1888 • Last emperor Pedro II overthrown in 1889 Mexico • Creoles want to rebel against the king, Peninsulares loyal and brutally enforce their power • Severe food shortages and inflation • 3 phases in revolution Phase 1 • Mestizo and Native Americans see all rich white Mexicans as the problem • Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, creole ◦ Leads a ragged army ◦ Hidalgo and rebels defeated by united Peninsulares and Creoles, Hidalgo executed Phase 2 • Jose Maria Morelos takes over • Declares independence, and writes constitution • Defeated and executed by loyalists Phase 3 • Spanish King forced to give up some power • Guerrilla rebels team up with Loyalist soldiers and declare independence • Mexico becomes independent republic in 1823 Outcomes • Revolutions leaves Mexico in disarray • Central America break off • Caudillo  ◦ Antonio Santa Anna comes to power • 1848 loss off 55% of Mexico to the US in Mexican American War

Minimum Wages

SS Wages

THE-FUNCTIONS-AND-IMPORTANCE-OF-COMPENSATION-WAGES-AND-PERFORMANCE-EVALUATION-APPRAISAL-REWARD-SYSTEM-EMPLOYEE-RELATIONS-AND-MOVEMENT-1-1_2

Lesson 5 - Minimum Wages and Taxes Concerns of Filipino Entrepreneurs

Vocab -Transcendentalism -Abstinence -Segregate -Emancipation -Suffrage -Naturalize -Annex -Secessionist Know these Amendments: ​-13, 14, and 15 Know these Battles: -Bull Run—proved to both sides the war was going to last -Antietam-Bloodiest single day battle of the Civil War -Gettysburg—Lee failed to bring war to the North -Vicksburg—Union controlled the Mississippi River -Sherman’s March—brought war to the South with a vengeance Multiple Choice: -Protestant revivalists preached that people are capable of shaping their own destinies -The American Colonization Society promoted migration of free black people to Liberia -One main source of division in the abolitionist movement was the extent of women involvement -Fredrick Douglas started an abolitionist newspaper -Some northern workers opposed the antislavery movement because free blacks accepted lower wages than whites -At the Seneca Falls Convention, Elizabeth Cady Stanton presented a resolution calling for women’s suffrage -When immigrants came to the US, they settled mostly in the North and West -Irish immigrants would work for less pay -Charles Finney was the central figure in the revival movement who gave sermons emphasizing individuals power to reform themselves -Thoreau believed in the value of leisure and the benefits of living closely with nature -Maine became the first state to ban alcoholic beverages -In the early 1800s, prisoners were punished by being isolated -Utopian reformers believed that it was possible to create a place where greed and sin did not exist -The abolition movement created increased tensions between the North and the South -The abolition movement was the primary means by which women entered into politics -At the First Battle of Bull Run the Union troops were unorganized -General Robert E. Lee’s army would never seriously threaten union soil -The Gettysburg Address remained listeners why the war was being fought -The Emancipation Proclamation did nothing to free the slaves in the border states -The Reconstruction Act of 1867 placed the South under military rule -After Pres. Johnson’s impeachment, he lacked any real power -Uncle Tom’s Cabin, brought the evils of slavery to the North -Charles Sumner was beaten unconscious People: -Emerson: Leader of the transcendentalist movement -Mann: Leader in education reform -Dix: Avid prison reformist -Garrison: Famous radical abolitionist -Stowe: Wrote a famous antislavery novel -Truth: Believed African American women had a place in the women’s right movement -Tubman: Leader of the Underground Railroad Know the 3 strengths of both the North and the South

Employment, labor, and wages vocab

math wages

money and wages

## **What is Economics?** - Economics is considered the science of choice. - We want more that what we can afford - Our inability to afford everything we want is called **scarcity**. This is a universal experience that everyone usually faces within their lifetime. - What you can afford is limited by your income and the price that come with the physical items you desire - What governments can afford is based on how much taxes people pay - All physical items are limited by the productive resources available **Everything isn’t attainable!! Therefore we must make choices on how we want to spend our money and time.** - Choices often align with ones **Incentives** - **Incentives** is a reward that encourages an action or discourages someone. **Microeconomics:** - The study of choices that individuals and businesses make which therefore effects markets, influences the government and the overall societal picture. - Ex. How would a tax on online shopping affect amazon? **Macroeconomics** - The study of national economies and global economic performances. - Ex. Why does the unemployment rate in Canada fluctuate? ## Two Big Economic Questions - How do choices end up determining what, how, and for whom goods and services are produced? - Do choices made in the pursuit of self-interest also promote the social interest? ### What, How, and For whom? Goods and services are the objects people value and produve to satify wants. - Goods are physical objects - Services are tasks performed for people **What?** - What we produce across countries can vary overtime. **How?** - We use resources in order to produce goods and services called the **factors of production** - Land - Labor - Capital - Entrepreneurship - Land - The natural resources that are provided by the environment - Labor - The work time and effort people devote to producing goods and services - Depending on the quality we have to look at **human capital.** - This means that people who have studied and trained the trade will produce a higher quality of work. - Capital - The physical aspects such as tools, instruments, machines, buildings, etc. - Entrepreneurship - They are the drivers of economic progress and are constantly producing new ideas and how they analyze the risk and benefits. **For Whom?** - Who consumes the goods and services is dependent on peoples income and wealth. - People earn their wealth from… - Land earns rent - Labor earns wages - Capital earns interest - Entrepreneurship earns profit ## Self-Interest and Social Interest Self-Interest - You make choices that are the best available one to you. - How you feel influences your choices. Social Interest - If it is best for society as a whole **Efficiency and the Social Interest** - The goal is to be **efficient** - To have a balance - The struggle is that it is not possible to make someone better off without making someone else worse off. **Fair Shares and the Social Interest** - Four issues in today’s world puts some perspective into how we should look at the scenario. - Globalization - Information-age monopolies - Climate change - The gender pay gap **Globalization** - the expansion of international trade, borrowing, lending, and investment. - This is in the self-interest of firms as they can produce an item for a cheaper amount in another country. - This can cause job loss for the items origination in one country when it is produced somewhere else **Information-Age Monopolies** - The size and market power of these companies enables them to have the ability of pricing items higher than necessary - When a company has a popular brand name people also purchase the brand name when buying items from them - This means that people acknowledge a high end brand more than an unknown one. **Climate Change** - Burning fossil fuels to generate several areas of power causes a lot of carbon emissions. - When making the choice a company is making a self-interest choice to use these resources which further damages the land. **The Gender Pay Gap** - Part of it is how men are seen as doing higher paid jobs and women do lower ## The protest against Market Capitalism - Market capitalism is an economics system in which individuals own land and capital and are free to buy and sell land, capital, and goods and services in markets. - This generates a lot of wealth for a small percentage of people in the world - Centrally planned socialism is an economic system in which the governments owns all the land and capital, direct workers to jobs, and decides what, how, and for whom to produce. - Ex. The soviet union - Our economy today consists of a mixed economy ## The Economic Way of Thinking The six key ideas that define the economic way of thinking. - A choice is a tradeoff - People are making rational choices by comparing benefits and costs - Benefit is what you gain from something - Cost is what you must give up to get something - Most choices are “how much” choices made at the margin - Choices respond to incentives **A choice is a tradeoff** - This is an exchange of giving up one thing to get another - Due to scarcity we make the choices of what we must give up - For example do you go to a ball game or do you stay home and save the money you would have spent at the ball game. **Making a Rational Choice** - A rational choice is one that compares the costs and benefits and the achieves the greatest benefit over cost for the person making the choice. - Only the wants of the person’s desires become relevant to their choice. **Benefit: What you Gain** - The benefit is the game or pleasure that it brings and is determined by someone's preferences - Benefits vary largely like going to school or feeling happy you ordered a pizza - **Economists measure this benefit as the most that a person is willing to give up to get something.** **Cost: What You must Give Up** - The **opportunity cost** of something is the highest-valued alternative that must be given up to get it. **How Much? Choosing at the Margin** - The choice when allocating your time to certain things is making your choice at the margin - **Marginal benefit** is the benefit you receive when you increase an activity. - **Marginal cost** is the opportunity cost you incur when you an increase an activity. - You must compare both when making a decision **Choices Respond to Incentives** - The idea is that we can predict the self-interested choices that people will make **Positive Statements** - A positive statement might be right or wrong but can always be tested by fac checking it. **Normative Statements** - This statement relates to what should be and varies depending on its ability to be tested and someone internal opinion of the matter. **Unscrambling Cause and Effect** - An economics model is a description of some aspect pf the economic world that includes only those features that are needed for the purpose at hand. **Economics as Policy Adviser** - Economics is used as a toolkit for advising governments and businesses and for making personal choices. - Economics can be used to clarify the goal and choice.ov

UNIT 9 THE LABOUR MARKET: WAGES, PROFITS, AND UNEMPLOYMENT

Econ- chapter 8: employment, labor, and wages

Economic Sustainability: ‘means ensuring that average incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise in line with inflation and living costs in the future. What are the four main characteristics for Economic Sustainability? Range of industries, Employment Rates, Strong economy/ high average incomes and opportunity for trade Social Sustainability – creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens and can be maintained indefinitely. What are the four main characteristics for Social Sustainability? Gender Equality, Social Security Systems, Education and Employment, Legal Systems Environmental Sustainability – Relates to ensuring the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources for future generations – these resources include: clean water, fish and other wildlife, coal, timber. What are the three main characteristics for Environmental Sustainability? Access to safe water and sanitation, Carbon dioxide emissions, Food security What is Human Development? creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests. and similarities between countries. What does PPKHDD? Reach their full potential, Have productive and creative lives, Expanding People’s choices, Have access to knowledge, Have access to health, Decent standard of living, Be involved in decisions affecting their lives. What is the Human Development Index? A tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries’ level of social and economic development. What are the three dimensions and four indicators? a long and healthy life, knowledge, a decent standard of living and life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling and gross national income per capita. What are the four quartiles according to the Human Development Index? Very High Human Development, High Human Development, Medium Human Development and Low Human Development What are the advantages of the HDI? (must atleast name three): The HDI takes more than just average incomes into account provides a more comprehensive representation of the level of human development experienced. It provides an indication of opportunities for education this reflects access to knowledge and the ability to enhance choices and capabilities. Average income is taken into account reflects the ability to access the resources required for a decent standard of living. Life expectancy is taken into account reflects the ability to lead a long and healthy life. The HDI provides a single statistic relating to the three dimensions and four indicators. This makes comparison easier, as numerous statistics do not have to be sorted through and compared. The HDI is effective for analysing progress that is made by countries over time. The four indicators may experience differing rates of progress, but monitoring the overall HDI is useful for analysing the overall progress achieved over time. What are the disadvantages of HDI? Human development is a complex concept and encompasses many aspects of human lives. The HDI only reflects selected dimensions of human development and therefore does not capture all aspects. Aspects of human development that are not measured by the HDI include gender equality; freedom of speech; freedom of employment; levels of discrimination; empowerment; access to resources such as water, social security and public housing; social exclusion; and political participation. The HDI, although moving beyond economic indicators, is still based on averages and, therefore, does not provide an indication of the inequalities that exist within countries. Those from cultural minorities, females, those with disabilities and those in rural areas often experience lower levels of human development than the rest of the population. Collecting data is complex and the reliability of data for measuring human development remains a challenge. Comparisons between countries are often difficult because of the different definitions and methods used in measuring key components of the HDI. Comparisons within countries is often difficult as data are often only collected at a national level. How does climate change affect the earth? increased CO2, Increased greenhouse gas, increase in the earth’s temperature (including sea surfaces) and changing weather patterns and extreme weather (heat waves more common) Why is climate change happening? Naturally occurring as earth orbits the sun and mainly due to burning of fuel fossil to provide energy What are the four main characteristics of sea level rising? Forced relocation of people living in coastal areas, reduction in the availability of fresh water, changes in biodiversity and reduced in availability of food What are the four characteristics of changing weather patterns and extreme weather events? More infectious diseases, increased burden of disease from cardiovascular disease and asthma, increased homelessness, less food and increased hunger and undernutrition and less access to fresh water What are the four groups that are affected by mass migration? Refugees, asylum-seekers, internally displaced persons and stateless people What are the impact of conflict? Injuries, loss of life, Destruction to the physical environment, No health care, Malnutrition, Damage to infrastructure, Communicable diseases, Presence of land mines, Few opportunities for employment, Poverty What is mass migration? Mass migration refers to movement of large groups of people from one geographical area to another. What is the impact of displaced people? Overcrowding, Poverty, violence, Locate to low and middle income countries, Struggle to meet basic needs: food, infrastructure, health care, security, water, Spread of infectious diseases, Refugee camps and Displacement and early marriage What is world trade? World trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries. What are the postive impacts of world trade? Employment, Reduces hunger and lack of medical care and Increases number of children in school What are the negative impacts of goods and services of world trade? Exploitation, Low wages, Poor working conditions, Use of child labour and Use of pesticides What are the benefits of tourism? Promotes sustainable economic growth and Promotes mutual understanding, peace and security. What are the challenges of tourism? Overcrowding: groups in larger numbers - ie. travelling north during our winter months to get some warm weather Strain on infrastructure: as more people are using it Additional waste created disease-producing organisms being transported rapidly from one country to another. Eg zika virus at the Rio Olympics, Measles outbreak at the Vancouver winter Olympics What are the benefits of digital technology? Communication, Data collection and sharing of health information, Access to self diagnostic information, Monitors of health (health apps), Register births, deaths, marriages, Disaster preparedness and SMS notifications What are the challenges of digital technology? Issues regarding privacy and safety of children, Bullying, Online scams and Indecent content

Impact of Immigration on Wages