The Roaring 20’s
To what extent was the 1920’s a time of modernism
The Red Scare
Fear of communists, socialists anarchists ect
Following a series of anarchist bombings in 1919
A. Mitchell Palmer (Palmer Raids)
Coordinated raids on homes of suspected radicals and headquarters or radical organizations across US
Unions targeted as “leftist organizations”
IWW was socialist but others were not
Anti-union “open shops” called the “American Plan”
Criminal Syndicalism Laws
Made it illegal to advocate violence to secure social change
Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
Two anarchist Italian immigrants convicted for robbery and murder based on who they are rather than evidence
Increased Nativism
Immigration Quota Act of 1924
The quota for immigrants entering the U.S. was set at two percent of the total of any given nation’s residents in the U.S. as reported in the 1890 census
Targeted “undesirable” immigrants most associated with radical ideas
Eastern and southern europe were limited
The Ku Klux Klan
The KKK was
Anti foreign
Anti Catholic
Anti black
Anti Jewish
Anti Pacifist
Anti Communist
Anti internationalist
Anti revolutionist
Anti bootlegger
Anti adultery
Anti birth control
At its peak in the 1920’s it claimed 5 million members
Primarily from the south
“The Birth of a Nation” Was the first full-length feature film in America
It glorified the the KKK of the reconstruction era
Prohibition
Prohibition passed in 18th Amendment and implemented by Congress's Volstead Act
Difficult to enforce
Bootlegging & Speakeasies
Gave rise to the “golden age of gangsterism”
Gang wars in 1920’s chicago
“Scarface” (Al Capone)
Honest businesses forced to pay protection money
Racketeering rampant: in the 1920’s the underworld made $12-18 billion
The Scopes Trial
Over the teaching of evolution
Shows conflict between fundamentalists and science
Larger trend of traditionalism vs. modernism
ACLU hired Clarence Darrow whose cross examination of William Jennings Bryan made Bryan look foolish and hurt the fundamentalist cause
Defended Scopes during trial
Scopes was found guilty and fined bc he did violate the Tennessee Law (Butler Law) banning the teaching of evolution
Consumerism
Small post-war recession ended in 1921 and the economy prospered
Advertising and credit stimulate consumption
Although real wages did not increase significantly
Sports and politics got a boost from radio
Hollywood films were popular
Electricity facilitated economic growth
Transportation
Henry Ford perfected assembly line production
Whole industry to support manufacture and service of cars emerged, employing 6 million Americans
Threatened monopoly of railroads
Speedy marketing of perishable foods and growth of suburbs
Wright Brothers launch aviation age 1903
Charles Londebergh flew solo across the Atlantic in 1927
Radio And Film
1920’s made long-range radio broadcast possible and national programs were broadcast into American homes
Nickelodeon's with 5 cent silent films proliferated
Films like “Birth of a Nation”(1915)
“Jazz Singer” (1927) - first movie with sound (“talkie)
The Harlem Renaissance
A flowering of African American culture in the 1920’s
Instilled interest in African American culture and pride in being an African American
Marcus Garvery formed the United Negro Improvement Association
Poetry and jazz music flourished
Harlem became a center for movements to improve the conditions for blacks in America
Tulsa Race Massacre
A white mob attacked Greenwood, looting and burning homes and businesses
Thousands of black residents were displaced and detained
The massacre caused economic and emotional devastation
It was repressed from mainstream history for many years
Lifestyle Changes Of The Roaring 20’s
Flappers exemplified the clash between modernists and traditionalists
Margret Sanger advocated for access to birth control
Created Planned Parenthood
Alice Paul established the National Women’s Party to campaign for an “equal rights amendment”
The Lost Generation
Term popularized by Getrued Stein for disillusioned artists and writers like F. Scott Fitzgerald and nErnest Hemingway
Sinclair Lewis was the first American to win the nobel prize in literature with his novel “Babbitt”
Cirtized war and questioned progress
To what extent was the 1920’s a time of modernism
During the 1920’s there was lots of social tension between the old and the new, but this shows that modern ideas were emerging. The 1920’s had very modern advancements such as women’s rights, African American pride, cars, movies, and consumerism. Although prohibition limited modernism by limiting rights and raising crime rates, there was also lots of backlash from traditionalists, and the KKK.
Politics And The Economy
America was primarily isolationist after WWI, though they did continue to participate in the global economy. The Republican presidents returned to more Gilded Age practices that were pro-big business & reduced government regulation of the economy. Political corruption was also prominent during this decade.
Republicans And Pro-Business Policies
Unwittingly, Harding filled his cabinet with his “Ohio Gang” of corrupt cronies
Laissez-Faire and “trickle down” economics increased government regulation and relaxed antitrust laws
Dismantled wartime economic controls
Reversed Muller V Oregon decision in Adkins v Children’s Hospital
Andrew Mellon’s tax plan cut taxes for the wealthy
Bull market - over inflated values on stocks to do speculation and buying on margin
Labor Movement
The government had been friendly to labor during WW1 (War Labor Board)
1919 steel strike branded “dangerous Reds”
Attorney General’s pro-big business bias
lead to issuing a federal injunction breaking up rail strike in 1922
Union membership dropped 30% between 1920 and 1930
The US And The World After WW1
Isolationism and disarmament were the dominant policies
1922- the Five Power Naval Treaty
Limited the construction of certain types of large naval ships
Applied ratio limits to the number of ships a country could build
Harding Administration raises tariffs
Starts tariff war
Stunts economic development and recovery
After WW1 America became a creditor to the world
Corruption In The Cabinet
Political corruption under harding such as
Teapot Dome Scandal
Cabinet member leased oil fields to private companies in return for a $100,000 bribe
Attorney General Daughter forced to resign due to illegal sales of liquor permits
Corruption in cabinet reminiscent of Grant who was also unaware
Harding died in 1923 and succeeded by Coolidge
Frustrated Farmers
War ended and so did government guaranteed high prices for crops
Mechanized agriculture led to overproduction
Drove prices down
Coolidge vetoes McNary-Haugen Bill
To keep prices high by the government buying surpluses and selling them abroad
The Dawes Plan
Plan to revive the German Economy
The US loans Germany money which they can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the US
Great Depression Notes
In what ways and to what extent did FDR and his policies change the role and scope of the federal government?
The presidents of the 1920’s
Harding - return to “Normalcy”
Coolidge - businesses
Hoover - rugged individualism
The stock market crash
Black Tuesday (1929)
over 16 million stocks sold in one day
Stock market crashed
5000 banks collapsed
Caused by:
Speculation on buying credit
Overproduction & underconsumption
Reactions to the crash
Hoover Stayed committed to laissez-faire but implemented remedies for the depression:
Hawley Smoot Tariff
Raised taxes on foreign goods and actually worsened the depression
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
Trickle down economics
Bonus Army WW1 vets wanted their $1,000 bonus before 1945
They got evicted with bayonets & tear gas
Hoover continued to lose popularity
Hoovervilles towns that sprang up when people had lost everything.
Roosevelt Takes Over
Election 1932
Black voting shifted from democrat to republican
Inaugural Address assured nation “The only thing to fear is fear itself
First 100 Days
Glass-Steagall Act
Created FDIC & ends the massive bank failures
Currency reform
US money went off of gold standard and switched to managed currency
Managed currency : a system where a country's central bank can control the money supply and exchange rates to achieve economic goals.
Fireside Chats
Radio broadcasts that united and assured the public.
FDR blames practices of the money changers for the depression
Because of the way they caused the banks to collapse
The New Deal
Relief
CCC
Most popular agency employs 3 million men in public service
FREA
Led by Harry L. Hopkins created CWA for temp employment
TVA
Build dams to create hydroelectric power
Seen as radical
Publicly owned utility companies
WPA
Provided jobs for building and artists
Recovery
AAA
Paid farmers to grow less to drive prices up
PWA
Lead by Harold L. Ickes
Aimed at long range recovery
Spent $4 billion on public infrastructure
Reform
Social Security Act
Old age pensions and disability insurance
Wagner Act
Allowed unions to strike and use collective bargaining
CIO formed for unskilled workers
4 million members by 1940
Labor Unions
National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)
created a powerful new National Labor Relations board
1935 - John. L. Lewis founded Committee for INdustrial Organization (CIO) for unskilled workers
CIO used sit-down trikes in 1936
Broke from the AFL in 1938
1938 - Fair Labor Standards Act
Companies engaged in interstate commerce subjected to maximum hours and minimum wage
Excluded agricultural and domestic service jobs which predominantly hired blacks, Mexicans, and women.
Labor unions and workers supported FDR (democrat) while business owners were staunch Republicans
Social Security
One of the most complicated and far-reaching laws to ever pass Congress
Made to provide security in old age
Financed by a payroll tax paid by both employees and employers
Represents departure from “rugged individualism” and hands off government.
Critics of the New Deal
Radical
Supports the changes to society and economy
Share Our Wealth Movement
Created by Huey Long
Raising taxes on the rich and giving every family $5000
Father Charles E. Coughlin
Turned against FDR when he refused to nationalize the banking system
Old Age Revolving Pension
Proposed by Dr. Francis Townsend
Every American over 60 would retire to open up jobs for the younger unemployed
Recipients had to agree to spend the entire $200 check they received within a month.
Conservative
Supports letting the economy stabilize on its own and opposes governmental efforts.
American Liberty League
Conservative wealthy business elites that opposed intervention in economy
Called the New Deal “socialist”
In what ways and to what extent did FDR and his policies change the role and scope of the federal government?
FDR shifted from laissez faire and trickle down economics. Government became more involved in the welfare of its citizens and implemented many reforms. Overall helped the economy stabilize with government intervention.
History great dipression test
The Roaring 20’s
To what extent was the 1920’s a time of modernism
The Red Scare
Fear of communists, socialists anarchists ect
Following a series of anarchist bombings in 1919
A. Mitchell Palmer (Palmer Raids)
Coordinated raids on homes of suspected radicals and headquarters or radical organizations across US
Unions targeted as “leftist organizations”
IWW was socialist but others were not
Anti-union “open shops” called the “American Plan”
Criminal Syndicalism Laws
Made it illegal to advocate violence to secure social change
Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
Two anarchist Italian immigrants convicted for robbery and murder based on who they are rather than evidence
Increased Nativism
Immigration Quota Act of 1924
The quota for immigrants entering the U.S. was set at two percent of the total of any given nation’s residents in the U.S. as reported in the 1890 census
Targeted “undesirable” immigrants most associated with radical ideas
Eastern and southern europe were limited
The Ku Klux Klan
The KKK was
Anti foreign
Anti Catholic
Anti black
Anti Jewish
Anti Pacifist
Anti Communist
Anti internationalist
Anti revolutionist
Anti bootlegger
Anti adultery
Anti birth control
At its peak in the 1920’s it claimed 5 million members
Primarily from the south
“The Birth of a Nation” Was the first full-length feature film in America
It glorified the the KKK of the reconstruction era
Prohibition
Prohibition passed in 18th Amendment and implemented by Congress's Volstead Act
Difficult to enforce
Bootlegging & Speakeasies
Gave rise to the “golden age of gangsterism”
Gang wars in 1920’s chicago
“Scarface” (Al Capone)
Honest businesses forced to pay protection money
Racketeering rampant: in the 1920’s the underworld made $12-18 billion
The Scopes Trial
Over the teaching of evolution
Shows conflict between fundamentalists and science
Larger trend of traditionalism vs. modernism
ACLU hired Clarence Darrow whose cross examination of William Jennings Bryan made Bryan look foolish and hurt the fundamentalist cause
Defended Scopes during trial
Scopes was found guilty and fined bc he did violate the Tennessee Law (Butler Law) banning the teaching of evolution
Consumerism
Small post-war recession ended in 1921 and the economy prospered
Advertising and credit stimulate consumption
Although real wages did not increase significantly
Sports and politics got a boost from radio
Hollywood films were popular
Electricity facilitated economic growth
Transportation
Henry Ford perfected assembly line production
Whole industry to support manufacture and service of cars emerged, employing 6 million Americans
Threatened monopoly of railroads
Speedy marketing of perishable foods and growth of suburbs
Wright Brothers launch aviation age 1903
Charles Londebergh flew solo across the Atlantic in 1927
Radio And Film
1920’s made long-range radio broadcast possible and national programs were broadcast into American homes
Nickelodeon's with 5 cent silent films proliferated
Films like “Birth of a Nation”(1915)
“Jazz Singer” (1927) - first movie with sound (“talkie)
The Harlem Renaissance
A flowering of African American culture in the 1920’s
Instilled interest in African American culture and pride in being an African American
Marcus Garvery formed the United Negro Improvement Association
Poetry and jazz music flourished
Harlem became a center for movements to improve the conditions for blacks in America
Tulsa Race Massacre
A white mob attacked Greenwood, looting and burning homes and businesses
Thousands of black residents were displaced and detained
The massacre caused economic and emotional devastation
It was repressed from mainstream history for many years
Lifestyle Changes Of The Roaring 20’s
Flappers exemplified the clash between modernists and traditionalists
Margret Sanger advocated for access to birth control
Created Planned Parenthood
Alice Paul established the National Women’s Party to campaign for an “equal rights amendment”
The Lost Generation
Term popularized by Getrued Stein for disillusioned artists and writers like F. Scott Fitzgerald and nErnest Hemingway
Sinclair Lewis was the first American to win the nobel prize in literature with his novel “Babbitt”
Cirtized war and questioned progress
To what extent was the 1920’s a time of modernism
During the 1920’s there was lots of social tension between the old and the new, but this shows that modern ideas were emerging. The 1920’s had very modern advancements such as women’s rights, African American pride, cars, movies, and consumerism. Although prohibition limited modernism by limiting rights and raising crime rates, there was also lots of backlash from traditionalists, and the KKK.
Politics And The Economy
America was primarily isolationist after WWI, though they did continue to participate in the global economy. The Republican presidents returned to more Gilded Age practices that were pro-big business & reduced government regulation of the economy. Political corruption was also prominent during this decade.
Republicans And Pro-Business Policies
Unwittingly, Harding filled his cabinet with his “Ohio Gang” of corrupt cronies
Laissez-Faire and “trickle down” economics increased government regulation and relaxed antitrust laws
Dismantled wartime economic controls
Reversed Muller V Oregon decision in Adkins v Children’s Hospital
Andrew Mellon’s tax plan cut taxes for the wealthy
Bull market - over inflated values on stocks to do speculation and buying on margin
Labor Movement
The government had been friendly to labor during WW1 (War Labor Board)
1919 steel strike branded “dangerous Reds”
Attorney General’s pro-big business bias
lead to issuing a federal injunction breaking up rail strike in 1922
Union membership dropped 30% between 1920 and 1930
The US And The World After WW1
Isolationism and disarmament were the dominant policies
1922- the Five Power Naval Treaty
Limited the construction of certain types of large naval ships
Applied ratio limits to the number of ships a country could build
Harding Administration raises tariffs
Starts tariff war
Stunts economic development and recovery
After WW1 America became a creditor to the world
Corruption In The Cabinet
Political corruption under harding such as
Teapot Dome Scandal
Cabinet member leased oil fields to private companies in return for a $100,000 bribe
Attorney General Daughter forced to resign due to illegal sales of liquor permits
Corruption in cabinet reminiscent of Grant who was also unaware
Harding died in 1923 and succeeded by Coolidge
Frustrated Farmers
War ended and so did government guaranteed high prices for crops
Mechanized agriculture led to overproduction
Drove prices down
Coolidge vetoes McNary-Haugen Bill
To keep prices high by the government buying surpluses and selling them abroad
The Dawes Plan
Plan to revive the German Economy
The US loans Germany money which they can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the US
Great Depression Notes
In what ways and to what extent did FDR and his policies change the role and scope of the federal government?
The presidents of the 1920’s
Harding - return to “Normalcy”
Coolidge - businesses
Hoover - rugged individualism
The stock market crash
Black Tuesday (1929)
over 16 million stocks sold in one day
Stock market crashed
5000 banks collapsed
Caused by:
Speculation on buying credit
Overproduction & underconsumption
Reactions to the crash
Hoover Stayed committed to laissez-faire but implemented remedies for the depression:
Hawley Smoot Tariff
Raised taxes on foreign goods and actually worsened the depression
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
Trickle down economics
Bonus Army WW1 vets wanted their $1,000 bonus before 1945
They got evicted with bayonets & tear gas
Hoover continued to lose popularity
Hoovervilles towns that sprang up when people had lost everything.
Roosevelt Takes Over
Election 1932
Black voting shifted from democrat to republican
Inaugural Address assured nation “The only thing to fear is fear itself
First 100 Days
Glass-Steagall Act
Created FDIC & ends the massive bank failures
Currency reform
US money went off of gold standard and switched to managed currency
Managed currency : a system where a country's central bank can control the money supply and exchange rates to achieve economic goals.
Fireside Chats
Radio broadcasts that united and assured the public.
FDR blames practices of the money changers for the depression
Because of the way they caused the banks to collapse
The New Deal
Relief
CCC
Most popular agency employs 3 million men in public service
FREA
Led by Harry L. Hopkins created CWA for temp employment
TVA
Build dams to create hydroelectric power
Seen as radical
Publicly owned utility companies
WPA
Provided jobs for building and artists
Recovery
AAA
Paid farmers to grow less to drive prices up
PWA
Lead by Harold L. Ickes
Aimed at long range recovery
Spent $4 billion on public infrastructure
Reform
Social Security Act
Old age pensions and disability insurance
Wagner Act
Allowed unions to strike and use collective bargaining
CIO formed for unskilled workers
4 million members by 1940
Labor Unions
National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)
created a powerful new National Labor Relations board
1935 - John. L. Lewis founded Committee for INdustrial Organization (CIO) for unskilled workers
CIO used sit-down trikes in 1936
Broke from the AFL in 1938
1938 - Fair Labor Standards Act
Companies engaged in interstate commerce subjected to maximum hours and minimum wage
Excluded agricultural and domestic service jobs which predominantly hired blacks, Mexicans, and women.
Labor unions and workers supported FDR (democrat) while business owners were staunch Republicans
Social Security
One of the most complicated and far-reaching laws to ever pass Congress
Made to provide security in old age
Financed by a payroll tax paid by both employees and employers
Represents departure from “rugged individualism” and hands off government.
Critics of the New Deal
Radical
Supports the changes to society and economy
Share Our Wealth Movement
Created by Huey Long
Raising taxes on the rich and giving every family $5000
Father Charles E. Coughlin
Turned against FDR when he refused to nationalize the banking system
Old Age Revolving Pension
Proposed by Dr. Francis Townsend
Every American over 60 would retire to open up jobs for the younger unemployed
Recipients had to agree to spend the entire $200 check they received within a month.
Conservative
Supports letting the economy stabilize on its own and opposes governmental efforts.
American Liberty League
Conservative wealthy business elites that opposed intervention in economy
Called the New Deal “socialist”
In what ways and to what extent did FDR and his policies change the role and scope of the federal government?
FDR shifted from laissez faire and trickle down economics. Government became more involved in the welfare of its citizens and implemented many reforms. Overall helped the economy stabilize with government intervention.