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Printing Press
Updated 37d ago
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1453: Fall of Constantinople - The Ottoman Empire captures Constantinople, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire and boosting Ottoman control over Eastern Mediterranean trade. Mid-1400s: European Age of Exploration Begins - Motivated by the search for direct trade routes to Asia, European nations like Portugal and Spain begin to explore the Atlantic. 1450s: Invention of the Printing Press - Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press in Europe revolutionizes the spread of ideas and literacy. Late 15th Century 1492: Columbus's First Voyage - Christopher Columbus reaches the Americas, initiating sustained European contact with the Americas and the Columbian Exchange. 1494: Treaty of Tordesillas - Divides newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along a meridian. 16th Century (1500s) 1500s: Columbian Exchange - Widespread exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds, profoundly impacting global populations. 1517: Martin Luther's 95 Theses - Marks the beginning of the Protestant Reformation, challenging the Catholic Church's practices and leading to religious conflicts in Europe. 1521: Fall of Tenochtitlán - Hernán Cortés and Spanish forces conquer the Aztec Empire, beginning Spanish dominance in Mesoamerica. 1532–1533: Conquest of the Inca Empire - Francisco Pizarro conquers the Inca Empire, extending Spanish control in South America. Mid-1500s: Rise of the Atlantic Slave Trade - European nations begin to establish colonies in the Americas, leading to the establishment of the transatlantic slave trade. 1555: Peace of Augsburg - Recognizes the division of Christianity in the Holy Roman Empire, allowing rulers to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism. 1588: Spanish Armada Defeated - The defeat of Spain’s naval fleet by England marks a shift in naval power and contributes to England’s rise as a major colonial power. 17th Century (1600s) 1600: Establishment of the British East India Company - Sets the stage for British influence and control in India over the coming centuries. 1603: Tokugawa Shogunate Established - Unifies Japan and brings a period of peace and isolation (sakoku), lasting until the mid-19th century. 1618–1648: Thirty Years' War - A major religious and political conflict in Europe, leading to the Peace of Westphalia, which introduces the concept of sovereign states. 1644: Manchu Conquest of China - Marks the beginning of the Qing Dynasty in China, which will become the last imperial dynasty. Mid-1600s: Scientific Revolution - Figures like Galileo, Newton, and Kepler lay the foundations of modern science, challenging traditional beliefs about the universe. 1689: Glorious Revolution - Establishes constitutional monarchy in England and strengthens parliamentary power over the monarchy. 1689–1725: Reign of Peter the Great - Peter I of Russia modernizes Russia and establishes it as a major European power. 18th Century (Early 1700s) 1700s: Rise of Mercantilism - European powers compete for global trade dominance and colonial wealth, following policies that emphasize national self-sufficiency. 1707: Formation of Great Britain - England and Scotland unite, creating the Kingdom of Great Britain. 1720s: Height of the Atlantic Slave Trade - The transatlantic slave trade reaches its peak, with millions of Africans forcibly transported to the Americas. 1750: Beginning of the Industrial Revolution - Although traditionally set later, the roots of the Industrial Revolution start to take shape in Britain, with innovations in textiles and manufacturing.
Updated 146d ago
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Here’S A Summary Highlighting The Key Points: ### Pre-Colonial Period: - **Literary Forms**: Focus On The **Great Hero And Supernatural** Themes. Includes **Stories Of Gods And Goddesses**, **Riddles (Bugtong)**, **Proverbs**, **Folktales**, **Folksongs**, **Epics**, **Legends**, And **Myths**. ### Spanish Period (1565-1898): - **Colonization Began In 1565** Under Miguel Lopez De Legazpi. - **Spanish Language** Became The Main Literary Language; Catholicism Replaced Existing Traditions. - First Book Printed: **Doctrina Christiana** By Fr. Juan De Palencia (Tagalog) And Fr. Domingo Nieva (Spanish). - **Spanish Influences**: Religious Works Like *Ang Barlaan At Josaphat*, *Pasiong Mahal*, And Theatrical Forms Like **Sinakulo**, **Zarzuela**, And **Balagtasan**. - **Popular Writers**: - **Jose Rizal** (*Noli Me Tangere*, *El Filibusterismo*). - **Emilio Jacinto** (Wrote Political Works In Native Language). - **Andres Bonifacio** (*Ang Pag-Ibig Sa Tinubuang Lupa*). - **Common Literary Forms**: Until The 19th Century, The Religious Orders Controlled Printing Presses. The **Propaganda Movement** Emerged As A Reform Group. ### American Period (1898-1946): - **Free Public Education** Was Introduced, With English As The Medium Of Instruction. - Philippine Literature Became **Imitative Of American Models**. - **Key Writers**: - **Paz Marquez Benitez** (*Dead Stars*). - **Manuel E. Arguilla**, **Francisco Arcellana**, **N.V.M. Gonzalez**, **Jose Garcia Villa**. ### Japanese Period (1941-1945): - **Philippine Literature Development Was Halted**. There Was No Freedom Of Speech Or Press, And **English Newspapers Were Banned**. - Writers Began Using **Filipino**, And The Themes Focused On **Nationalism, Country, And Life In The Barrios**. - **Notable Writers**: **Salvador Lopez**, **Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero**, **Carlos Bulosan**, **Nick Joaquin**, And Others. ### Republic Period (1946-1985): - **Post-War Literature** Was Dominated By **Writers Educated In The Us Or England**. - Filipino Writers Were Exposed To **Western Trends** Through Programs Like The **Fulbright Program**. - **Notable Writers**: **N.V.M. Gonzales**, **Edilberto K. Tiempo**, **Nick Joaquin**, **Bienvenido Santos**. - **Literary Pieces**: *Without Seeing The Dawn* By **Stevan Javellana**, *Luha Ng Buwaya* By **Amado V. Hernandez**, *May Day Eve* By **Nick Joaquin**. ### Contemporary Period (1986-Present): - This Era Saw **Activism And Literary Revolution**. Writers Addressed Issues Like **Martial Law And Repression**. - **Youth Rebellion** And Mass Revolution Were Common Themes. **Oral Literature** Thrived Among Ethnic Communities. - The **Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards** Continue To Honor Literary Excellence Since 1950. This Note Outlines The Significant Literary Developments And Figures Across Different Periods In Philippine History.
Updated 203d ago
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Renaissance and Reformation Vocabulary (all words can be found in the textbook glossary) Renaissance: A period of European history lasting from about 1300 to 1600 during wich renewed interest in classical culture led to far reaching changes in art, leading, and views of the world. Humanism: Renaissance intellectual movement in wich thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential achievements. Secular: Connected with worldly rather than spiritual matters Patron: A person who suports artists, especially fainancially Perspective: An artistic technique that creates the appearance of three dimension on a flat surface Vernacular: Everyday language of people in region or country. Johann Gutenberg - developed a printing press that incorporated a number of technologies in a new way. Reformation: A 16th century movement movement for religious reform leading to the founding of Christain churches that rejected peoples authority. Indulgence: Realising a person from punishments due for a sin Protestant: A member of a Christan church founded on the principles of the reformation Peace of Augsburg: Agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided bt it’s ruler Predestination: The doctrine that God has decided all things beforehand including wich people will be eternally saved. Theocracy: Government controlled by religious leaders. Jesuit: Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola Council of Trent: A meeting of Roman catholic leaders called by Pope Paul lll to rule on doctrines criticzed by the Protestant reformers.
Updated 203d ago
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