Basic Biochemistry and Cell Function

This set of flashcards covers key vocabulary and concepts related to basic biochemistry and cell function, including biomolecules, cellular structures, and processes.

Molecule

The smallest unit of a compound that retains the properties of that compound.

Lipid

A biomolecule formed from glycerol and fatty acids, used in drugs as parenteral infusion.

Protein

A biomolecule made of amino acids, essential for various cellular functions.

Nucleic Acid

A class of biomolecule that includes DNA and RNA, used to store genetic information.

Carbohydrate

A biomolecule composed of monomers called monosaccharides, which form polymers.

Enzyme

A protein that acts as a biological catalyst to speed up chemical reactions.

pH

A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, influenced by hydrogen and hydroxyl ion concentration.

Organelles

Specialized structures within eukaryotic cells that perform distinct processes.

Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell that produces ATP and carries out cellular respiration.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

An extensive network that transports materials within the cell; can be rough (with ribosomes) or smooth.

Ribosomes

Granular structures made of protein and RNA, which are the sites of protein synthesis.

Golgi Apparatus

A membranous organelle that processes, packages, and sorts proteins for delivery.

Lysosome

An organelle containing digestive enzymes for breaking down waste products.

Peroxisome

An organelle involved in detoxification, similar to lysosomes.

Vacuoles

Membrane-bound compartments that store or transport substances.

Plasma Membrane

A phospholipid bilayer that regulates the flow of substances in and out of the cell.

Extracellular Fluid

Fluid located outside of cells, which includes interstitial fluid and plasma.

Concentration Gradient

A difference in the concentration of a substance between two areas.

Diffusion

The passive movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Active Transport

The process of moving molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A molecule that stores energy for cellular processes.