18 - solutions to crime/social policies.

Situational crime prevention

A strategy that reduces crime opportunities by changing the environment. (adding more light to a dark path).

Target hardening

strengthening security measures such as CCTV to make crime more difficult.

Post-authority bus terminal

A public space designed surveillance to reduce crime.

Environmental crime prevention

a strategy focusing on maintaining urban spaces (e.g. fixing broken windows) to deter criminal behaviour.

Zero tolerance

a strict policing approach that punishes all minor offenses to prevent more serious crimes.

Retributive justice

a justice model focused on punishment proportionate to the crime as a form of deterrence.

Social change/control

mechanisms, norms and institutions that regulate individual behaviour and maintain societal order.

Disintegrative shaming

A form of punishment that stigmatizes offenders, excluding them from society and reinforcing criminal identities.

Deeper structural changes

Addressing fundamental socio-economic inequalities to reduce crime and social harm.

Reintegrative shaming

A justice approach that condemns the crime but encourages the offernde’s reintegration into society (common in Norway)

Community policing

A policing strategy that builds relationships between law enforcement and communities to prevent crime together.

Restorative justice

A justice process that focuses on repairing harm by involving victims, offenders and the community in reconciliation.

Rehabilitation

Programs aimed at reforming offenders through education, therapy or skills training to prevent reoffending.

Right realist who focused on the port authority bus terminal in NYC which he believed inhabited crimes, when they made the space more bright and put more lighting in crimes seemed to drop.

Felson

In their study of Stoke-on-Trent found that crime decreased by 43% when street lighting was improved.

Farrington and Painter

Argue that crime flourishes in areas where social control breaks down “broken windows”

Wilson and Kelling

Says that when committing a crime the cost must out weigh the benefit so that criminals think twice before committing further crime.

Clarke

Criticise Clarke’s ideas of making the punishments to crime outweigh the benefits and says that 70% of people who in prison return to prison.

Braithwaite

Suggests that social changes are needed to resolve the problem of the underclass. says that single mothers should receive less money from the welfare state.

Murray

Criticise Murrays idea of reducing welfare dependency for single mothers and says that it should actually be increased to help them substitute for the lack of a parent.

Lea and Young