ApChem - Chapter 4 Vocabulary

Solutions

homogeneous mixtures of two or more pure substances

Solvent

the liquid in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution

Solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution

dissociation

a general mechanism through which molecules (or ionic compounds such as salts and complexes) break down into smaller components such as ions

solvation

the interaction of a solvent with the dissolved solute (also called hydration when with water)

Electrolytes

a substance that dissociate into ions when dissolved in water; has electric charge

Nonelectrolyte

may dissolve in water, but it does not dissociate into ions when it does so

Precipitation reaction

occurs when two solutions containing soluble salts are mixed and an insoluble salt is produced

precipitate

the solid that is not soluble in the solution

Metathesis (exchange) reactions

a reaction in which cations and anions change partners (ex: AX+CY → AY+CX)

Acid

substances that ionize in an aqueous solution to form H⁺ (proton donors)

Bases

substances that react with, or accept, H⁺ ions; they increase the concentration of OH⁻ when dissolved in water (proton accepters) (do not have to contain OH⁻)

Hydrochloric acid, HCl; Hydrobromic acid, HBr; Hydroiodic acid, HI; Chloric acid, HClO₃; Perchloric acid, HClO₄; Nitric acid, HNO₃; Sulfuric acid (first proton), H₂SO₄

strong acids (7)

Lithium hydroxide, LiOH; Sodium hydroxide, NaOH; Potassium hydroxide, KOH; Rubidium hydroxide, RbOH; Cesium hydroxide, CsOH; Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)₂; Strontium hydroxide, Sr(OH)₂; Barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)₂

strong bases (8)

Neutralization reactions

Reactions between an acid and a base

Oxidation

loss of electrons

Reduction

gain of electrons

Redox reactions

reactions in which one reactant is oxidized and one reactant is reduced simultaneously

Molarity (M)

one way to measure the concentration of a solution

Titration

an analytical technique in which one can calculate the concentration of a solute in a solution

Standard solution

A solution of known concentration

equivalence point

a point where the chemical reaction comes to an end

endpoint

the point where the colour change occurs in a system