AP Human Geography Unit 2 (2.1 - 2.12) Vocab

Geography

Age sex composition graph 2.3

tool used to study population/ commonly called a population pyramid. It is based on age and gender.

Agricultural population Density 2.1

the ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

Arable Land (*w) 2.1

land that is suited for agriculture/growing crops

Arithmetic populaton Density (*w) 2.1

the total number of people divided by total land area

Baby boom 2.3

name given for spike in birth rates often caused from hostilities like war ending and peace resuming

Baby bust 2.3

name given to when once baby boom ends and birth rates are lower for a number of years.

Birth deficit 2.3

name for a slow down of births often during war when men and women are separated.

Carrying Capacity (*w) 2.2

the number of people an area can support on a sustained basis

Cohorts 2.3

vertical axis showing age groups on the population pyramid

Dependent population 2.3

People under the age of 15 and over 64 who are considered too young or too old to work full time.

Dependency ratio 2.3

the number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

Infrastructure 2.2

facilities and structures that allows people to carry out their typical activities. I.E. sewer systems, electrical grids, roads and bridges.

Mid latitudes 2.1

the regions between 30 degress and 60 degrees, north and south of the equator. This area has moderate climates and better soils than higher regions at higher latitudes.

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

the percentage growth of population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate

Overpopulation 2.2

a situation in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

Physiological population Density 2.1

the number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture

Population distribution 2.1

pattern of human settlement - the spread of people across the earth.

Population density 2.1

a measure of the average population per square mile or kilometer of an area. It meaures how crowded a place is.

Population pyramid 2.3

a bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex

Potential workforce 2.3

People between the ages 15-64 who are considered by demographers to be the society's labor force.

Redistricting 2.2

boundary adjustments of political electoral districts caused by urban areas continuing to increase in population while rural areas are continuing to shrink. This results in smaller urban districts and larger rural districts.

Social stratification

the hierarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic status, power, and / or ethnicity

Counter migration

migration flow that produces a movement in the opposite direction

Anti-natalist Policy

programs to decrease the number of births

Asylum Seeker

Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee.

Boserup theory

a theory of Ester Boserup suggesting that the more people there are, the more hands there are to work, rather than more mouths to feed. His theory was in contrast to Malthus.

Brain Drain

Large-scale emigration by talented people.

Chain Migration

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

the total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

the total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

Demographic balancing equation

way geographers describe the future population of a region of any scale.

Demographic Momentum

process where even though fertility rates have declined, people are living longer which results in the population contining to grow for another 20-40 years.

Demographic Transition model

the process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population

Distance decay

phenomenon where the further apart two places are, the less likely it is that people will migrate between those places.

Doubling time

the number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase

Ecumene

the portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement

Emigrants

people who move out of a country

Epidemiological Transition Model

distinctive cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition

Esther Boserup

Danish economist, is known for her theory of agricultural intensification, which posits that population change drives the intensity of agricultural production

Ethnic enclaves

neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same ethnic groups. Ex Little Italy, Chinatown.

Family reunification

policies that allow migrants to sponsor family members who migrate to the country.

Forced Migration

Permanent movement, usually compelled by cultural factors.

Gravity model of migration

this model assumes that the size and distance between two cities or countries will influence the amount of interactions that include migration, travel, and economic activity. Ex Cuban and Miami settlement of many Cubans.

Guest Worker

transnational migrants who relocate to a new country to provide labor that isn't available locally. Many are agricultural or manual labor.

Guest worker policies

Many governments will regulate the number of workers who can temporarily enter each country.

Immigrants

people who move into a country

Immigration

Migration to a new country.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

the total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year of age for every 1,000 live births in a society

Internal Migration

Permanent movement within a particular country.

Internally Displaced Person

Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international boundary.

Intervening Obstacles

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration. These could be political or environmental.

Intervening opportunities

Migrants could also encounter these opportunities enroute that could disrupt their migration plan like finding a new job on the way.

Life Expectancy

the average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions

Malthusian theory

named after Thomas Malthus. His theory publised in 1798 analyzing the relationship between natural resource use and the growing population. He concluded that society was on a path toward massive starvation

Migration

permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another.

( Zelinsky) Migration Transition model

argues that countries in Stages 2 and 3 of the DTM experience rapid population growth and overcrowding. This can limit the economic opportunities of the people and act as a push factor. They then migrate to less crowded stage 4 and 5 countries which offer more economic opportunites.

Neo-Malthusian

concerned that overpopulation may increase resource depletion or environmental degradation to a degree that is not sustainable with the potential of ecological collapse or other hazards; promote birth control and family planning

Population doubling time

time it takes for population to double in size.

Pro-natalist Policy

programs designed to increase the fertility rate

Pull factor

Positive conditions or circumstances that migrants will often cause to move toward a place.

Push factor

negative circumstances, events or conditions present where someone lives which generally compel a person to move.

Rate of natural increase (RNI)

the percentage at which a country's population is growing or declining, without the impact of migration.

Refugee

Migrants who move from one country to another and cross international borders.

Remittances

money sent to their family and friends in the country they left.

Return migration

immigrants moving back to their former homes.

Rural to Urban migration

migration from rural areas to more urban. This occured during the Industrial Revolution.

Step Migration

Long-distance migration done in stages.

Thomas Malthus

British economist; noted that the world's population was increasing faster than the food supplies needed to sustain it

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years

Transnational migration

when people move from one country to another, or internationally rather than internally

Transhumance

the process of herders moving with their animals to different pastures during different seasons.

Voluntary Migration

Permanent movement undertaken by choice.

xenophobia

a strong dislike of people of another culture