Molecules of Life

These flashcards cover essential concepts and terminology related to the molecules of life, including biochemistry, types of macromolecules, cell functions, protein structure, and genetic material.

What are the essential elements found in all living things?

Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus.

What is biochemistry?

The study of the chemical reactions and the molecules and processes involved in living things.

What type of bonds hold organic compounds together?

Covalent bonds.

What is a monosaccharide?

A simple sugar composed of 3 to 7 carbon atoms.

What is the difference between a disaccharide and a polysaccharide?

A disaccharide is made of two monosaccharides, while a polysaccharide consists of many monosaccharides.

What links two monosaccharides together?

A glycosidic linkage.

What is the main function of carbohydrates in living organisms?

They provide short to medium-term energy storage.

What is a triglyceride?

A fat molecule made up of glycerol and three fatty acids.

What are the primary functions of proteins?

To make structures, act as enzymes, transport substances, and act as chemical messengers.

What is denaturation in proteins?

When a protein changes shape or unfolds due to extreme temperatures, pH, or harsh chemicals.

What are nucleic acids?

Molecules that contain genetic information, such as DNA and RNA.

What is the structure of ATP?

A molecule consisting of an adenosine and three phosphate groups.

What is the primary function of cyclins in the cell cycle?

They regulate the timing of the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinases.

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have them.

What is the function of cell membranes?

To control the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

What is endocytosis?

The process of taking in substances by the cell membrane pinching off to form a vesicle.

What role do stem cells play in the body?

They can differentiate into various types of cells and have potential for regenerative medicine.

What is the theory of endosymbiosis?

The theory that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic organisms that entered into a symbiotic relationship.

What is the significance of the common code in genetics?

It indicates that all species have a common ancestor due to similar codons coding for specific traits.