World History - The Enlightenment

thomas Hobbes time period and nationality

17th century

england

john locke time period and nationality

17th century

english

voltaire time period and nationality

18th century

france

montesquieu time period and nationality

18th century

swiss

but associated with france

rousseau time period and nationality

18th century

france

beccaria time period and nationality

18th century

italy

mary Wollstonecraft time period and nationality

18th century

england

thomas Hobbes beliefs

AB mon

-social contract- people give rights for law and order

-power of a ruler comes from people NOT DIVINE RIGHT

-challenged divine right but believed people needed to be controlled

so the rulers power would be absolute

john locke beliefs

CON mon- believed in self govt.

-people can learn from experience and improve themselves

-govt. purpose is to protect natural rights (if not done the people can overthrow)

natural rights “life, liberty, property”

-thought people were born free and equal (but still BELIEVED IN SOCIAL STANDING

*wrote Britain's bill of rigths

voltaire beliefs

does not believe in people in politics (believes in monarchs that are reasonable)

-believed in tolerance, reason, freedom of religious beliefs and freedom of speech

“i do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it”

-believed in liberty

-made core concepts

-critical of church because of power

baron de Montesquieu beliefs

CON mon- liked parliament (great britain)

-believed in separation of powers + checks and balances - govt. has different branches that check each other

-believed no individual should have total- control

*beliefs become basis of constitution

rousseau beliefs

-believed in govt. formed and made by the people - “general will” 

-believed civilization cyrupted peoples natural goodness

-believed in individual freedom (nobility titles abolished)

*disagreed with other enlightenment thinkers 

*inspired leaders of the French revolution

-disagreed with Mary wollstonecraft

beccaria beliefs

-did not believe in capital punishment or torture

-believed punishment = seriousness of crime

-believed in right to a fair trial

-believed the govt. should seek the greatest good for the most people

-believed law=social order

*inspired 8th and 6th amendment

mary Wollstonecraft belief

-represents progress

-encouraged woman to enter male dominated fields (medicine, politics)

-disagreed with rousseau

-made women’s rights groups in Europe + north america

-believed women need education to become useful

*changed role of women

*daughter wrote frankenstein

english philosophers?

mary wollstonecraft

John locke

Thomas hobbes

french philosopher s?

voltaire

baron de montesquieu

rousseau

which enlightenment thinks questioned the system of govt.?

thomas Hobbes

John locke

montesquieu

rousseau

who supported rights and freedoms?

john locke

voltaire

montesquieu

rousseau

Mary wollstonecraft

beccaria

whose ideas showed the core concepts of progress?

all except not as much thomas hobbes

key words that represent the ideas of the enlightenment?

progress, liberty, reason, nature, equality, individual

who did rousseau disagree with?

mary wollstonecraft

18th century Russia

AB mon

capital: St. Petersburg

family ruling: Romanov

status: doing ok (middle thumbs)

18th century great britain

CON mon

capital: London

family ruling: Hanover

status: doing good

18th century france

AB mon

capital: Paris

family ruling: Bourbon

status: doing good

18th century spain

status: not good

18th century prussia

AB mon

capital: Berlin

family ruling; Hohenzollern

status: doing good

18th century austria

AB mon

capital: Vienna

family ruling: Habsburg

status: not good

ottoman empire

also called “sick man of europe”

not doing good

holy Roman empire located

between Prussia and austria

Which was the only empire to have a CON Mon?

Great Britain

Divine right

idea that God gave power and authority to the people ruling- absolute monarchs use this

why were most europeans ok with having no say in govt.?

most people were uneducated so it made no sense to have any say in the government

the Protestant Reformation caused Warfare in conflict so when monarchs took over it brought peace and people like that

why were peasants not expected to participate in government?

most of the peasants were on educated so it didn't make sense to have a saying government

upper class

wealthy, small class, (3 to 5% ) people had titles including lord Baron Duke- all were well known

middle class

wealthy, educated, (they were Merchants hangers doctors) but had no respect

they were the ones unsatisfied with the social situation- considered philosophies about naturals rights

lower class

farmers, peasants, 80 to 90% of people, did most of hard work

why were the middle class where are the cards?

they were wild cards because they considered new ideas which made them different from nobility and peasants

relationship between monarchs and religion

monarchs were controlling over what religion people practiced and prosecuted anyone who tried to step out of their beliefs

minorities were Catholics and Protestants they were often attacked

religious freedom and pre enlightenment compared to now

there was no such thing as religious freedom and pre-enlightenment

compared to now people can choose what religion they believe in or to not believe in any religion - it was not even a thought to do that in pre enlightenment

what could people gain from having a ruler whose power is total or absolute?

the decision the monarch chooses would take effect very quickly because there's no Parliament it needs to run through

what factors might weaken the power of an absolute monarch?

if there was a war an absolute monarch might not make the right decisions and could result in the downfall of the region

there's only one opinion being expressed in the future of the region

what are the advantages of a constitutional monarchy?

they get multiple people's opinion before calling it law

separation of powers

what are disadvantages to having a constitutional monarchy?

it takes time to pass a laws and rules because it needs to be confirmed through Parliament

primary source

a primary source is a source that directly experienced an event

example- memoir, Diary, autobiography, photograph,

secondary source

a secondary source of the source that did not directly experience an event but instead heard of or wrote about using a primary source

- example- book written based on articles, newspapers

Core Concepts

Reason, nature/ natural, progress, liberty, happiness

Enlightenment also called

Age of Reason

the Enlightenment influenced

American Revolution and French Revolution

enlightened rulers - napoleon

philosophers met in

salons- living rooms

Where and who do human rights apply?

human rights apply to everybody no matter where they live they are Universal

what is the basis of contemporary International Human Rights law?

the universal Declaration of Human Rights- 1948

The body in the UN that protects human rights is called

The un Human Rights Council

What are limitations of concept of human rights

The development of the concept was mostly based on the western world ( north America, and Europe)

the downplaying of group writes particularly indigenous but people's and minorities

the lack of strong mechanisms to enforce human rights at the international level 

Absolute monarch

A king or queen who has unlimited power and seeks to control all aspects of society

constitutional monarch

A system of governing of which the rule is power is limited by law

scientific revolution and enlightenment

the scientific Revolution spread ideas around the worlds which influence people to use reason like Isaac Newton had paved the way for a movement called The Enlightenment

enlightenment timeline

1700-1800

france

tank man

1989

tiananmen square

in protest of the Chinese govt. crackdown