PMLS Lesson 1 (Part 2)

Breakthroughs in Medical Technology Inventions and Innovation in the Field of Medical Laboratory

Rene Laennec

Who invented the stethoscope?

Stethoscope

acquire information about the lungs and heartbeats

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

Who invented the microscope?

Microscope

produces enlarged images of small objects

Hermann Von Helmholz

Who invented the ophthalmoscope and the heart-lung machine?

Ophthalmoscope

Inspecting the interior of the eye

Manuel Garcia

Who invented the laryngoscope?

Laryngoscope

Using 2 mirrors to observe throat and larynx

Wilhelm Roentgen

Who invented/discovered the x-ray?

X-ray

• discovered by accident that radiation could penetrate solid objects of low-density

• allow physicians to view without surgery

• used to diagnose pneumonia, pleurisy, and tuberculosis since Worl War II

William Einthoven

Who invented the electrocardiograph?

Electrocardiograph

Measure electrical charges during the beating of the heart

Elizabeth Kenny

Who invented the Kenny method?

Kenny Method

• Pioneering work for Physical Therapy

• Treatment for Polio (Infantile Paralysis)

Sylvia Stretcher

• New Stretcher

• Transporting patients in shock

Heart-Lung Machine

• temporarily takes over the functions of the heart and lungs

• device used in open heart surgery

Forsmann

Who first operated the cardiac catheterization and angiography?

Moniz, Reboul, Rousthoul

Who developed the cardiac catheterization and angiography?

Cournard

Who discovered the cardiac catheterization and angiography as a safe method?

cardiac catheterization and angiography

• Made seeing the heart and, lung vessels, and possible

• inserting the cannula in an arm vein and into the heart with an injection of radiopaque dye for x-ray visualization

Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll

Who invented the electron microscope?

Electron Microscope

Visualization of small cells including tumor cells

Tomography and Resonance Imaging

Adaptation of Computers

Godfrey Hounsfield

Who invented the tomography?

Raymond Damadian

First person to do a full body scan of a human being

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

MRI

• Robotics

• Keyhole Surgery Procedures

• Genetic Engineering

• Telemedicine/ Information Technology

Medical technology breakthroughs through:

Prosthesis

• Artificial Heart Valves

• Artificial Blood Vessels

• Functional Electromechanical Limbs

• Reconstructive Skeletal Joints

Edward Jenner

• Vaccination to establish immunity to smallpox

• Impact: Immunology

Marie Francois Xavier Bichat

• Identified organs by their type of tissues

• Impact: Histology

Agostino Bassi

• Produced disease in worms by injection of organic materials

• Impact: Bacteriology

Loius Pastieur

Produced immunity to rabies

Gregor Mendel

Enunciated his law of inherited characteristics from studies on plants

Joseph Lister

Demonstrated that surgical infections are by airborne diseases

Robert Koch

Presented the first picture of bacilli (anthrax) and later tubercle bacilli

Elie Metchnikoff

Described phagocytes in blood and their role in fighting infection (Phagocytosis)

Ernst Von Bergmann

Introduced steam sterilization in surgery

Karl Landsteiner

Distinguished blood groups through the development of the ABO blood group system

August Von Wasserman

Developed Immunologic test for syphilis

Howard Ricketts

Discovered microorganisms whose range lies between bacteria and viruses called rickettsiae

Hans Fischer

Worked out the structure of hemoglobin

Jonas Salk

Developed poliomyelitis vaccine (inactivated)

James Westgard

Introduced the Westgard Rules for quality control in the clinical laboratory

Baruch Samuel Blumberg

Hepatitis B Vaccine

Karry Mullis

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

James Van Steirtghem

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection

James Thomson

Derived the first human stem cell line

William Harvey

• Discover the Circulation of Blood

• Proved through vivisection, ligation, and perfusion that the heart acts as a muscular pump propelling the blood throughout the body in a continuous cycle

Robert Hooke

Used microscope to document the existence of cells

Marcello Malpighi

• Father of Histology

• Physician of Pope Innocent XII

• Famous for his investigations of the embryology of the chick and the histology and physiology of the glands and vice versa

Frederick Dekkers

Urine-containing protein would form a precipitate when boiled with acetic acid

Thomas Willis

First to notice the characteristics sweet taste of diabetic urine (as it was infused with honey or sugar)

Richard Lower

First person to perform direct transfusion of blood from one animal to another (He was using a dog)

William Hewson

• Father of Hematology

• Discovered Coagulation

Coagulation

Also known as clotting, is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot.

Gabriel Fahrenheit

Developed the Mercury thermometer and the Fahrenheit temp scale

John Hill

Introduces a method of obtaining a specimen for microscopic study

J.W Tichy

Observation of sediments in the urine of febrile patients

Matthew Dobson

Proved that the sweetness of the urine and blood serum in diabetes is caused by sugar

Francis Home

Developed the yeast test for sugar determination in diabetic urine

Antoine Francois De Fourcroy

Discovers cholesterol

Johannes Evangelista Purkinje

Pioneer the use microscope

John Snow

Studied the great Cholera outbreak in London

Karl Von Veriordt

• Coagulation time as an index of blood coagulation

• Developed a method for performing accurate blood counts (hemocytometry)

Sir Almroth Edward Write

Observed the role of calcium salts in the coagulation of blood

Paul Ehrlich

• Developed method of drying and fixing blood smears using heat

• Discovered most cells and classified white blood cells according to their granulation

Alexander Fleming

Penicillin (paramount in initiating the antibiotic era)

Gerardous Molder

Performed the first chemical analysis of proteins

Joseph Jackson Lister

Developed an achromatic microscope and introduced dark field microscopy

James Marsh

Developed a standard test for arsenic

George Gabriel Stokes

Discovered the Fluorescence

William Perkin

Prepared the first synthetic dye

Jules Dubosq

Developed the first visual colorimeter based on Beer’s Law

Herman Luer

Invented the glass hypodermic syringe

Oscar Brefeld

Developed the use of gelatin for the isolation of fungi

William Henry Corfeild

Established the first public health lab in England

Max Jaffe

Developed alkaline picrate method for the determination of creatinine

James Dewar

Invented the vacuum flask

Julius Elster & Hans Friedrich Geitel

Invented the photoelectric cell

Theodore Richards

Invented the nephelometer

Nephelometer

An instrument for measuring the size and concentration of particles suspended in a liquid or gas, especially by means of the light to scatter

Charles Purdy

Published practical urinalysis and urinary diagnosis

Ferdinand Widal

Developed the agglutination test for identification of the typhoid bacillus

Christian Bohr

Discovered the reciprocal relationship between pH and oxygen content of hemoglobin (Bohr Effect)

Martinus Beijerinck

Obtained the first pure culture of the sulfur-oxidizing bacterium

H.J. Bechtold

Discovered immunodiffusion

Arthur Sanford & James Todd

Published the first edition of Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods (like a bible for Medical Laboratory Scientists)

Philip Adolf Kober

Developed the colorimeter-nephelometer

Francis William Aston

Developed the mass spectograph

Arne Tiselius

Developed moving boundary electrophoresis of proteins

Theodore Svedberg

Determined the molecular weight of hemoglobin by ultracentrifugation

George Nicholas Papanicolaou

Reported the ability to recover cancer in vaginal smears through a pap smear

Otto Folin

Introduced the use of light filters in colorimetry

R. Gabreus

Develops the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) as in index of the severity of disease

H.D Kay

Developed the first clinical laboratory method for alkaline phosphatase (Clinical Enzymology)

Ian Cherry & Lathan Crandall

Developed the first clinical methods for serum and urine amylase activity

Michael Somogyi

2 major clinical lab methods for serum and urine amylase activity

Alexander Gutman

Developed the first assay for acid phosphatase

Edward Joseph Conway & Robert Cooke

Developed the first clinical method for ammonia

S. Borgstrom

Developed the whole blood clotting time test