AP Human Geography AMSCO Unit 2

population distribution

the arrangement or spread of people living in a given area

population density

Number of individuals per unit area

midlatitudes

Between 30 N and 60 N and 30 S and 60 S

social stratification

the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy

arithmetic population density

The total number of people divided by the total land area

physiological population density

The number of people per unit area of arable land

arable

Suitable for growing crops

carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

agricultural population density

Number of farmers per unit of arable land

redistricting

The drawing of new electoral district boundary lines in response to population changes.

overpopulation

too many people in an area relative to the resources and level of technology available

age-sex composition graph

another name for a population pyramid

population pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

cohort

A group of individuals of the same age.

birth deficit

slow down of birth caused by war and separation of the sexes during conflict

baby boom

a temporary marked increase in the birth rate, especially the one following World War II.

baby bust

after a baby boom; any period marked by a greatly decreased birth rate.

echo

the children of a baby boom, another bulge in the pyramid 25-40 years after the baby boom

dependency ratio

the ratio of the number of people under 15 and over 64 years to those 15-64 years of age

potential workforce

society's expected labor force, age 15-64

dependent population

those who rely on the working population for support e.g. the young and elderly

crude birth rate

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

total fertility rate

The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.

anti-natalist policies

gov't policies to reduce Total Fertility Rate; China and India-- one child policy (young and rapidly increasing population)

pro-natalist policies

Policies that either encourage births; paid time off after birth, day care stipends, tax incentives

life expectancy

A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live

infant mortality rate

The number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1,000 live births per year

demographic transition model

a model of how the size of a population changes as a country develops its economy

1) High Stationary

2) Early Expanding

3) Late Expanding

4) Low Stationary

5) Declining

expansive population pyramid

large births, die off fast, under developed/developed country

epidemiological transition model

distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

1) Pestilence and Famine 2)Receding Pandemics 3) Degenerative and Human-Made Diseases 4) Delayed Degenerative Diseases 5) Reemergence of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases

stationary population pyramid

births and deaths are about the same, Japan and Russia

crude death rate

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

rate of natural increase

the birth rate minus the death rate expressed as a percentage

immigrants

People who settle in a country they weren't born in.

emigrants

a person who leaves a country or region to live elsewhere

demographic balancing equation

births - deaths + immigration - emigration

Malthusian Theory

the idea that population is growing faster than the food supply needed to sustain it

Neo-Malthusians

continued population growth will lead to depletion of non-renewable resources - adopted to more modern conditions

migration

the movement of people from place to place

voluntary migration

movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity; not forced.

push factors

a factor that causes people to leave their homelands and migrate to another region

pull factors

something that encourages people to move to a new place

asylum

Shelter and protection in one state for refugees from another state

intervening obstacles

Any forces or factors that may limit human migration.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

• (1) Most Migrants Go Only Short Distances. ...

• (2) Migration Goes by Steps (Step-by-Step) ...

• (3) Long-Distance Migrants Prefer to Go to Big Cities. ...

• (4) Migration Flows Produce Counter-Flows. ...

• (5) People from Urban Areas Migrate Less than Rural People.

distance decay

The effects of distance on interaction, the greater the distance the less interaction

gravity model of migration

combines distance decay, greater pull of larger communities, and people are most likely to move from small communities to larger

step migration

migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages

counter migration

The return of migrants to the regions from which they earlier emigrated

return migration

The voluntary movements of immigrants back to their place of origin

forced migration

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.

internally displaced person

a refugee within his or her own country

refugees

People who flee to another country to escape mistreatment or disaster

chain migration

migration that is caused by the feedback from people who have already immigrated

ethnic enclaves

Neighborhoods in which ethnically similar people settle

xenophobia

intense or irrational dislike or fear of people from other countries

brain drain

the loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries

remittances

When a foreigner sends money back to his or her home country.