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84 Terms

1

developmental psychology

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

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2

zygote

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

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3

embryo

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

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4

fetus

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

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5

teratogens

(literally, "monster maker") agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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6

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out-of-proportion head and abnormal facial features

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7

habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

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8

maturation

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

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9

schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

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10

assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

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11

accommodation

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

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12

sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

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13

object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

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14

preoperational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

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15

conservation

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

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16

egocentrism

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

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17

theory of mind

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

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18

concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

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19

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

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20

autism spectrum disorder

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

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21

stranger anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

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22

attachment

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

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23

critical period

an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

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24

imprinting

the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early-life critical period

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25

strange situation

a procedure for studying child-caregiver attachment; a child is placed in an unfamiliar environment while their caregiver leaves and then returns, and the child's reactions are observed

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26

secure attachment

demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver, show only temporary distress when the caregiver leaves, and find comfort in the caregiver's return

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27

insecure attachment

demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness

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temperament

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

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29

Mary Ainsworth's strange situation

an experimental method designed to measure the nature of attachment between mothers and babies

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30

insecure-avoidant attachment

a pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return

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insecure anxious attachment

clingy to caregiver

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32

Harry Harlow's attachment research

-developmental psychologist Harry Harlow studied infant attachment using monkeys

-found that preventing attachment with a real mother had long term effects on monkeys' behavior

-used wire frame and cloth-covered "mothers" to study the impact of nurturing touch, warmth, and food on infant monkey attachment

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33

authoritarian parenting

style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child

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authoritative parenting

parents set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children

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35

permissive parenting

A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior.

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36

Gender

the socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female

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37

men

gender that admits to more aggression

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38

physical women

gender that is more likely to verbal aggression

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39

men

gender more likely to have social power

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40

men

directive/democratic social power

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41

women

submissive/nurturing social power

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42

gender roles

the social expectations that guide men's and women's behavior

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43

gender identity

a person's sense of being male or female

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44

gender typing

the way some children seem more attuned than others to traditional male/female roles

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45

social learning theory

assumes that children acquire their identity by observing and imitating others behaviors and consequences

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46

transgender

an individual's gender identity/expression that differs from that typical of their birth sex

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47

experiences fill in the details by making neural connections and preparing our brain for later

How do experiences modify our brain?

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48

how people are raised and who they hang out with can lead later life problems

In what ways do parents and peers shape children's development?

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49

children adopt accents, eat food others do, and smoke if friends do

Peer influence on shaping children's development?

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50

adolescence

the transition period from childhood to adulthood extending from puberty to independence

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51

puberty

the period of sexual maturation when a person becomes capable of reproduction

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52

formal operational

stage where you use brain cells or lose them because the brain stops automatically adding new connections and starts pruning away the neurons that aren't being used

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53

formal operational

the frontal lobes are still forming, and the adolescent brain is at its peak of learning ability, yet not fully able to inhibit impulses during what cognitive stage?

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54

Lawrence Kohlberg

developed the three moral levels

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55

he used only boys that were the same age

the problem with kohlberg's levels

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56

age

Kohlberg's levels are the only levels where what does not matter?

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57

pre-conventional

level where you avoid punishment, gain rewards for self interest (Kohlberg)

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58

conventional

level where you desire social order and social approval (Kohlberg)

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post-conventional

level where you affirm the basic rights of all people and their principles, where morality plays a major factor (Kohlberg)

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60

Moral intuition

we learn through our conscience

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61

moral action

the older you get, the less pre-conventional

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62

Carol Gilligan

criticized Kohlberg because he only asked boys in the Heinz dilemma

-believed girl/boy responses differ for many reasons

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63

Erik Erikson

psychosocial development (8 stages)

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64

trust vs. mistrust

the first issue of psychosocial development where if needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust

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65

autonomy vs. shame/doubt

the second issue of psychosocial development where toddlers exercise their will and independence

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66

initiative vs. guilt

the third issue of psychosocial development where preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans

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67

competence vs. inferiority

the fourth issue of psychosocial development where children learn the pleasure of applying themselves

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68

identity vs. role confusion

the fifth issue of psychosocial development where teenagers find themselves

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69

intimacy vs. isolation

the sixth issue of psychosocial development where young adults struggle to form close relationships

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70

generativity vs. stagnation

the seventh issue of psychosocial development where people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work

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71

integrity vs. despair

the eighth issue of psychosocial development where people reflect on life to feel a sense of satisfaction or failure

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72

infancy (1 year)

name for trust vs. mistrust and age

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73

toddlerhood (1-3 yrs)

name for autonomy vs. shame/doubt and age

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74

preschool (3-6 yrs)

name for initiative vs. guilt and age

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75

elementary school (6-puberty)

name for competence vs. inferiority and age

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76

adolescence (teen-20s)

name for identity vs. role confusion and age

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77

young adulthood (20s-early 40s)

name for intimacy vs. isolation and age

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78

middle adulthood (40-60)

name for generativity vs. stagnation and age

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79

late adulthood (60s and up)

name for integrity vs. despair and age

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80

prospective memory

“remember to remember” ex: remembering to return a phone call

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81

dementia

decline in cognitive function, affecting everyday life

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82

alzheimer’s

progressive and irreversible brain disease, affects cognitive and physical function. if you have alzheimers you have dementia.

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83

social clock

the culturally preferred timing of social events, such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.

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84

dabda

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

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