Hallucinogens

Which option correctly pairs psychomotor and psychomimetic stimulant characteristics?

Psychomotor: increased motor activity; decreased fatigue, euphoria
Psychomimetic: hallucinations; altered thought patterns

Which best describes hallucinogens?

Drugs that alter perception, thoughts, and feelings

Hallucinogens can be sourced from:

Plants, mushrooms, or synthetic origins

Which of the following is another designation for hallucinogens?

Psychotomimetics

Which of the following is a classical hallucinogen?

Mescaline

Amphetamine-like hallucinogens mainly act through which mechanism?

Activation of DA, NE, and 5-HT

What is the mechanism of action of serotonin-like hallucinogens?

Partial agonist of 5-HT₂A receptors

What is the mechanism of action of dissociative anesthetics?

NMDA receptor inhibition

Which drugs belong to the amphetamine-like hallucinogen class?

Amphetamine analogs, MDMA

Which drugs are considered serotonin-like hallucinogens?

LSD, psilocybin, tryptamines

Which drugs are classified as dissociative anesthetics?

Phencyclidine and ketamine

LSD is derived from which natural source?

Ergot fungus on wheat and rye

Which statement describes LSD’s potency?

It is the most potent hallucinogen and ~3000× more potent than mescaline

What describes LSD’s absorption?

Rapid absorption with oral administration

Which route is not listed as an alternative to oral LSD administration?

Intrathecal injection

At approximately what oral dose does LSD typically produce hallucinations and paranoia?

100 mg

Which effect occurs at any dose of LSD?

Pupil dilation, numbness, weakness, tingling, sweating, ↑HR and ↑BP

Which statement about LSD microdosing is true?

Microdosing involves taking 10–20 mg to increase productivity/creativity, but effectiveness is unknown

Psilocybin mushrooms are commonly known as:

Magic mushrooms

What is the typical oral ingestion amount for psilocybin mushrooms?

1–5 g

What is the typical onset time and duration after ingesting psilocybin mushrooms?

Onset 20–60 min, duration 3–6 hours

Which of the following is a pharmacological effect of psilocybin mushrooms?

Muscle relaxation and dilated pupils

Which combination represents effects seen with psilocybin mushrooms?

Visual hallucinations, emotional disturbance, mental stimulation

Tryptamines share which structural characteristic?

Serotonin-like structure

Which group of substances consists of tryptamines?

DMT, DET, AET, Foxy-methoxy, bufotenine

Bufotenine originates from which source?

Skin glands of a Bufo toad species

Which option lists effects commonly associated with tryptamines?

Hallucinations, mydriasis, tachycardia, tremor

Phencyclidine (PCP) is classified as what type of drug?

Dissociative anesthetic

PCP is commonly found in which form?

Yellowish liquid or white crystalline powder

How is PCP often administered when mixed with other substances?

Added to marijuana or tobacco

Which of the following is a pharmacological effect of PCP?

Euphoria, calmness, lethargy

Which of the following symptom combinations best reflects PCP effects?

Disorientation + disordered thinking + altered sensory perceptions

Ketamine belongs to which drug class?

Dissociative anesthetic

Which of the following is a legitimate medical use of ketamine?

Injectable anesthetic for humans and animals

Which route of illicit administration is described for ketamine?

Smoked or snorted with marijuana or tobacco

Which combination best represents low-dose ketamine effects?

Drowsiness + impaired attention/memory + disorientation

Which of the following is associated with higher-dose ketamine use?

Psychomotor impairment, hallucinations, cognitive impairment, pain insensitivity