Psychology of Women Ch. 11-15 terms

Role strain

stress stemming from one’s roles

Role overload

role demands that exceed one’s available time and/or energy

interrole conflict

incompatible demands stemming from two or more roles

scarcity hypothesis

excessive role responsibilities deplete the individual’s limited supply of time and energy and, consequently, can lead to stress

Enhancement hypothesis

each additional role provides a new source of self-esteem, social approval, social status, and other benefits

Flextime

flexible work scheduling that allows the employee to choose the arrival and departure time within a set of possible options offered by the employer

feminist health care model

egalitarian relationships between women and their health care providers; acknowledges that a woman is an expert n her own body, and does not view normal bodily functions and changes as diseases

Medicare

federal program designed to provide medical care for those who are over 65 or permanently disabled, regardless of income

Medicaid

combined state and federal program designed to provide medical care for the needy of any age

Spending down

individuals with high medical bills who do not qualify for Medicaid ultimately become eligible once they have depleted most of their financial resources and assets

Fee-for-service

the insurer pays part of the cost (usually 80%) for specified services, including hospitalization (up to a certain limit) and diagnostic services, but no preventative care

Managed care

provides services to members for a flat fee and emphasizes preventative care and early detection of disease more than fee-for-service

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Endometriosis

lining of the uterus (endometrium) migrates and grows on pelvic structures, such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and bladder

Uterine fibroid tumors

noncancerous growths of the uterus

Cervix

the lower end of the uterus

Pap smear

an inexpensive and effective screening technique

Hysterectomy

the removal of the uterus

Osteoperosis

an excessive loss of bone tissue in older adults, which results in the bones becoming thinner, brittle, and more porous

Raloxifene

a synthetic estrogen

Mammogram

a low-dose x-ray picture of the breast

Radical mastectomy

the removal of the breast underlying chest wall, and underarm lymph nodes

Modified radical mastectomy

removal of the breast and underarm lymph nodes

Simple mastectomy

removal of the breast only

Lumpectomy

the lump and surrounding tissue are removed

Mortality

death rates

Morbidity

illness

Gender paradox

women live longer than men, but in poorer health

Activities of daily living (ADLs)

basic self-caring activities such as eating, bathing, toileting, walking, and getting in and out of bed or chair

Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)

go beyond personal care to include preparing meals, doing housework, shopping, doing laundry, attending social activities, using the telephone, taking medications, and managing money

Anorexia nervosa

a significantly low body weight, intense fear of gaining weight, a distorted body image

Bulimia nervosa

recurrent episodes of uncontrolled binge eating, followed by purging activities aimed at controlling body weight

Female athlete triad

the combination of low energy with or without disordered eating accompanied by amenorrhea

Telescoping

while women’s alcoholism starts later than men’s alcoholism, it progresses more quickly

Binge Drinking

have 5 drinks in a row for men or 4 in a row for women during a two-hour period

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

a disorder characterized by growth deficiencies, facial deformities, and social, emotional, learning, and behavior problems

Generalized anxiety disorder

excessive worry and anxiety about a variety of life situations or events

Panic disorder

sudden unpredictable attacks of intense anxiety accompanied by a pounding heart, dizziness, sweating, shortness of breath, and trembling

Agoraphobia

a fear of being out in public places where escape might be difficult if one were suddenly incapacitated

Specific phobia

fear of a specific object or situation

Depression

characterized by prolonged sadness or irritability and loss of pleasure in most activities, often accompanied by fatigue and feelings of worthlessness

Ruminative style

focus on their inner feelings and try over and over again to analyze the causes and consequences of their depression

Corumination

extensively discussing one’s problems with another person

Feminist therapy

emphasizes the role of social, political, and economic stresses facing women as a major source of their psychological problems

Counselor self-disclosure

the imparting of personal information about the life experiences of the therapist to the client

Sexual harassment in an education setting

unwelcome verbal or physical behavior of a sexual nature when (a) submission to or rejection of the behavior forms the basis for decisions about the student; or (b) the behavior creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive study environment

Sexual harassment in the workplace

unwelcome verbal or physical behavior when (a) submission to or rejection of the behavior forms the basis for work-related decisions (quid pro quo harassment), or (b) the behavior creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment (hostile environment)

Sexual coercion

quid pro quo

Gender harassment

insulting, hostile, and degrading behavior, but not for the purpose of sexual activity

radicalized sexual harassment

women of color are more likely to experience sexual harassment than are White women

Sex-role spillover theory

in occupations with few women, men’s traditional gender roles spill over into the workplace and influence their interactions with female workers

Power theory

sexual harassment is an abuse of power to gain sexual favors or to reinforce men’s sense of power and privilege in the workplace

Organizational tolerance

the negative effects of sexual harassment tend to be minimized and complaints about harassment are not taken seriously

Internally focused responses

responses that attempt to manage the emotions and cognitions associated with the incidents

externally focused responses

responses that attempt to solve the problem

Stalking

unwanted and repeated actions toward an individual that induce fear or concern for safety

Child sexual abuse

includes both contact and noncontact sexual experiences in which the victim is below the age of consent and the abuser is significantly older or in a position of power over the child

Female genital mutilation/cutting

the surgical removal of parts of the external female genitalia

Infibulation

removing the clitoris, labia minora, and the inner two-thirds of the labia majora, which are then sewn together

Human trafficking

the practice of buying and selling people for profit

Acquaintance rape

the perpetrator and victim know each other

Sexual script

a socialized set of expected behaviors characterized by an aggressive male who initiates and push for sexual activity and a gatekeeping female who sets the limits

rape myths

false beliefs about rape that are widely held and that serve to justify male sexual aggression against women

Evolutionary theory

rape evolved because it was a strategy males could use to ensure their genes would be passed on to future generations

Feminist theory

contends that rape is rooted in the longstanding and persuasive power imbalance between women and men

Social learning theory

contends that social behaviors are learned through observation and reinforcement. This includes learning both attitudes supportive of rape and sexually aggressive behaviors

Intimate partner violence

physical psychological abuse committed by an intimate partner, that is, a spouse, romantic partner, or a former spouse/partner

Common (or situational) couple violence

minor acts of aggression such as pushing, slapping, and shoving

Intimate terrorism

the systematic use of violence, threats, and isolation to dominate and control a partner

Elder abuse

psychical, psychological, financial, and neglectful acts that harm the health or welfare of an older adult, and that occur within a relationship of trust