Studied by 10 peopleWhat is the function of a red blood cell?
Carries oxygen
Why do red blood cells have a biconcave shape?
Increase surface area so they can carry more oxygen
Why don’t red blood cells have a nucleus?
More space to carry oxygen
What is the red pigment in red blood cells called?
Haemoglobin
What element does haemoglobin contain?
Iron
What is the function of haemoglobin?
Oxygen binds to it
What is the haemoglobin called when it is carrying oxygen?
Oxyhaemoglobin
What is the haemoglobin called when it is not carrying oxygen?
Deoxyhaemoglobin
What is the function of platelets in the blood?
Clot blood
Name the liquid part of the blood that everything else floats in.
Plasma
What are the substances carried in the blood?
Oxygen
Glucose
Amino acids
Carbon dioxide
Hormones
Urea
Protein
Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?
Arteries
Is the blood under high or low pressure in the artery?
High
Why do arteries contain thick layers of muscle?
Strengthen them
Why do arteries contain elastic fibres?
To allow recoil
Which blood vessels carry substances to the organs?
Capillaries
Why are capillaries narrow?
They can squeeze between the gaps between cells (every cell gets substances)
Why do capillaries have permeable walls?
So substances can diffuse in and out
How many cells thick is a capillary wall?
1
Which substances are carried to cells in capillaries?
Oxygen
Glucose
Amino acids
What substances are removed from cells by capillaries?
Carbon dioxide
Urea
Which blood vessels carry blood back to the heart?
Veins
Is blood pressure high or low in the veins?
Low
Why do veins have valves?
Prevent backflow
Do veins have a small or big lumen?
Big
Why do veins have a big lumen?
Helps blood flow
What is a double circulatory system?
Heart pumps blood to the lungs and to the rest of the body
Where does the right side of the heart pump blood to?
Lungs
Which specific blood vessel carries blood from:
heart → lungs
Pulmonary artery
Which specific blood vessel carries blood from:
lungs → heart
Pulmonary vein
Which specific blood vessel carries blood from:
heart → organs
Aorta
Is the aorta a vein or an artery?
Artery
Which specific blood vessel carries blood from:
organs → heart
Vena cava
Is the vena cava a vein or an artery?
Vein
When blood goes:
pulmonary vein → heart
Which part of the heart does it enter after?
Left atrium
Where does blood flow to after the left atrium?
Left ventricle
What does blood pass through in between:
left atrium → left ventricle
Atrio-ventricular (AV) valves
Which blood vessel does the blood enter after the left ventricle?
Aorta
What does blood pass through in between:
ventricle → artery
Semi-lunar valves
What blood vessels does blood enter when it passes through the organs?
Capillaries
Which substances transfer to cells from the blood inside the capillaries?
Oxygen
Glucose
Amino acids
Which substances leave cells and go into the capillaries?
Carbon dioxide
Water
Urea (from liver)
Which blood vessel does blood enter when:
capillaries → heart
Vena cava
Where does the blood go after the vena cava?
Right atrium
Where does blood flow after the right atrium?
Right ventricle
Where does blood flow after the right ventricle?
Pulmonary artery
Which side of the heart has a thicker wall?
LeftWh
Why does the left side of the heart have a thicker wall than the right?
Blood needs to be pumped a further distance, so it is pumped at a higher pressure
What is cardiac output?
Volume of blood pumped out the heart per minute
What is the equation for cardiac output?
heart rate (bpm) × stroke volume
Why do organs need glucose and oxygen?
Aerobic respiration
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
oxygen + glucose → carbon dioxide + water + energy
What is the balanced, symbol equation for aerobic respiration?
6O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆ → 6CO₂ +6H₂O + energy
Is energy made or released during respiration?
Released
Where does aerobic respiration take place in the cells?
Mitochondria
Which type of cells contract during exercise?
Muscle cells
What do muscle cells use in order to contract?
Energy
What process releases energy inside muscle cells?
Aerobic respiration
What substances do muscle cells need in order to respire?
Oxygen
Glucose
What is this piece of equipment called?
Respirometer
What is this piece of equipment used for?
Measuring respiration rate
What gas will the insects be using when respiring in the tube?
Oxygen
What gas will the insects be producing when respiring in the tube?
Carbon dioxide
Which chemical absorbs carbon dioxide so that we can identify how much oxygen the insects are using up during this experiment?
Sodium hydroxide
Which direction will the liquid move when the insects use up oxygen?
Left
What is the equation for the rate that the liquid moves during the experiment?
distance ÷ time
How should you ensure the insect’s safety when using a respirometer?
Don’t leave them in the tube too long (or they will run out of oxygen and die)
Which type of exercise results in muscle cells not being supplied with enough oxygen?
Vigorous exercise
What type of respiration do muscle cells do when they don’t have enough oxygen?
Anaerobic
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?
glucose → lactic acid
What does a build-up of lactic acid cause?
Cramps
Do plants carry out respiration?
Yes
Why do plants have mitochondria?
Aerobic respiration
Are there times when plant cells do not get enough oxygen?
Yes
What type of respiration do plants do when they don’t get enough oxygen?
Anaerobic respiration
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants?
glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide
Which organ monitors the concentration of glucose in the blood?
Pancreas
What hormone is released by the pancreas when the blood glucose concentration is higher than normal?
Insulin
Name the target organ/cells for insulin.
Liver
Muscle cells
How does insulin travel to the liver and muscle cells?
Blood
What does the liver do in response to insulin?
Takes it and stores it as glycogen
What hormone is released by the pancreas when blood glucose concentration is lower than normal?
Glucagon
Name the target organ for glucagon.
Liver
What does the liver do in response to the glucagon?
Breaks down glycogen back into glucose and puts it back into the blood
What else is the pancreas referred to as?
Endocrine gland
What causes type 1 diabetes?
Pancreas cannot make insulin
What is the main treatment for type 1 diabetes?
Insulin injections
Where is insulin injected into when someone has type 1 diabetes?
Subcutaneous fat
What are changes in lifestyle people with type 1 diabetes can make?
Eat more complex carbohydrates
Exercise regularly
What causes type 2 diabetes?
Liver and muscle cells aren’t as responsive to insulin
Can obesity cause type 2 diabetes?
Yes
What is the equation for BMI?
weight ÷ height
How does waist-to-hip ratio contribute to type 2 diabetes?
Ratio above 1.0 for men and 0.85 for women linked to increased risk
What is the equation for waist-to-hip ratio?
waist circumference ÷ hip circumference
State 2 treatments for type 2 diabetes?
Healthy diet
Regular exercise
Do some people with type 2 diabetes inject insulin?
Yes
State the endocrine for thyroxine.
Thyroid gland
How does thyroxine concentration affect metabolic rate?
As thyroxine concentration increases, metabolic rate increases
Which part of the brain monitors the concentration of thyroxine in the blood?
Hypothalamus
What hormone does hypothalamus release when thyroxine concentration is lower than normal?
TRH
Note
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