Paper 2 - Summary

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215 Terms

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What is the function of a red blood cell?
Carries oxygen
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Why do red blood cells have a biconcave shape?
Increase surface area so they can carry more oxygen
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Why don’t red blood cells have a nucleus?
More space to carry oxygen
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What is the red pigment in red blood cells called?
Haemoglobin
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What element does haemoglobin contain?
Iron
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What is the function of haemoglobin?
Oxygen binds to it
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What is the haemoglobin called when it is carrying oxygen?
Oxyhaemoglobin
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What is the haemoglobin called when it is not carrying oxygen?
Deoxyhaemoglobin
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What is the function of platelets in the blood?
Clot blood
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Name the liquid part of the blood that everything else floats in.
Plasma
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What are the substances carried in the blood?
* Oxygen
* Glucose
* Amino acids
* Carbon dioxide
* Hormones
* Urea
* Protein
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Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?
Arteries
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Is the blood under high or low pressure in the artery?
High
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Why do arteries contain thick layers of muscle?
Strengthen them
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Why do arteries contain elastic fibres?
To allow recoil
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Which blood vessels carry substances to the organs?
Capillaries
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Why are capillaries narrow?
They can squeeze between the gaps between cells (every cell gets substances)
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Why do capillaries have permeable walls?
So substances can diffuse in and out
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How many cells thick is a capillary wall?
1
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Which substances are carried to cells in capillaries?
* Oxygen
* Glucose
* Amino acids
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What substances are removed from cells by capillaries?
* Carbon dioxide
* Urea
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Which blood vessels carry blood back to the heart?
Veins
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Is blood pressure high or low in the veins?
Low
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Why do veins have valves?
Prevent backflow
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Do veins have a small or big lumen?
Big
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Why do veins have a big lumen?
Helps blood flow
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What is a double circulatory system?
Heart pumps blood to the lungs and to the rest of the body
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Where does the right side of the heart pump blood to?
Lungs
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Which specific blood vessel carries blood from:

heart → lungs
Pulmonary artery
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Which specific blood vessel carries blood from:

lungs → heart
Pulmonary vein
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Which specific blood vessel carries blood from:

heart → organs
Aorta
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Is the aorta a vein or an artery?
Artery
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Which specific blood vessel carries blood from:

organs → heart
Vena cava
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Is the vena cava a vein or an artery?
Vein
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When blood goes:

pulmonary vein → heart

Which part of the heart does it enter after?
Left atrium
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Where does blood flow to after the left atrium?
Left ventricle
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What does blood pass through in between:

left atrium → left ventricle
Atrio-ventricular (AV) valves
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Which blood vessel does the blood enter after the left ventricle?
Aorta
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What does blood pass through in between:

ventricle → artery
Semi-lunar valves
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What blood vessels does blood enter when it passes through the organs?
Capillaries
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Which substances transfer to cells from the blood inside the capillaries?
* Oxygen
* Glucose
* Amino acids
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Which substances leave cells and go into the capillaries?
* Carbon dioxide
* Water
* Urea (from liver)
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Which blood vessel does blood enter when:

capillaries → heart
Vena cava
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Where does the blood go after the vena cava?
Right atrium
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Where does blood flow after the right atrium?
Right ventricle
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Where does blood flow after the right ventricle?
Pulmonary artery
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Which side of the heart has a thicker wall?
LeftWh
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Why does the left side of the heart have a thicker wall than the right?
Blood needs to be pumped a further distance, so it is pumped at a higher pressure
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What is cardiac output?
Volume of blood pumped out the heart per minute
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What is the equation for cardiac output?
heart rate (bpm) × stroke volume
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Why do organs need glucose and oxygen?
Aerobic respiration
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What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
oxygen + glucose → carbon dioxide + water + energy
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What is the balanced, symbol equation for aerobic respiration?
6O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆ → 6CO₂ +6H₂O + energy
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Is energy made or released during respiration?
Released
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Where does aerobic respiration take place in the cells?
Mitochondria
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Which type of cells contract during exercise?
Muscle cells
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What do muscle cells use in order to contract?
Energy
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What process releases energy inside muscle cells?
Aerobic respiration
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What substances do muscle cells need in order to respire?
* Oxygen
* Glucose
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What is this piece of equipment called?
What is this piece of equipment called?
Respirometer
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What is this piece of equipment used for?
What is this piece of equipment used for?
Measuring respiration rate
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What gas will the insects be using when respiring in the tube?
What gas will the insects be using when respiring in the tube?
Oxygen
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What gas will the insects be producing when respiring in the tube?
What gas will the insects be producing when respiring in the tube?
Carbon dioxide
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Which chemical absorbs carbon dioxide so that we can identify how much oxygen the insects are using up during this experiment?
Which chemical absorbs carbon dioxide so that we can identify how much oxygen the insects are using up during this experiment?
Sodium hydroxide
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Which direction will the liquid move when the insects use up oxygen?
Which direction will the liquid move when the insects use up oxygen?
Left
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What is the equation for the rate that the liquid moves during the experiment?
What is the equation for the rate that the liquid moves during the experiment?
distance ÷ time
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How should you ensure the insect’s safety when using a respirometer?
How should you ensure the insect’s safety when using a respirometer?
Don’t leave them in the tube too long (or they will run out of oxygen and die)
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Which type of exercise results in muscle cells not being supplied with enough oxygen?
Vigorous exercise
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What type of respiration do muscle cells do when they don’t have enough oxygen?
Anaerobic
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What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?
glucose → lactic acid
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What does a build-up of lactic acid cause?
Cramps
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Do plants carry out respiration?
Yes
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Why do plants have mitochondria?
Aerobic respiration
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Are there times when plant cells do not get enough oxygen?
Yes
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What type of respiration do plants do when they don’t get enough oxygen?
Anaerobic respiration
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What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants?
glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide
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Which organ monitors the concentration of glucose in the blood?
Pancreas
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What hormone is released by the pancreas when the blood glucose concentration is higher than normal?
Insulin
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Name the target organ/cells for insulin.
* Liver
* Muscle cells
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How does insulin travel to the liver and muscle cells?
Blood
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What does the liver do in response to insulin?
Takes it and stores it as glycogen
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What hormone is released by the pancreas when blood glucose concentration is lower than normal?
Glucagon
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Name the target organ for glucagon.
Liver
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What does the liver do in response to the glucagon?
Breaks down glycogen back into glucose and puts it back into the blood
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What else is the pancreas referred to as?
Endocrine gland
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What causes type 1 diabetes?
Pancreas cannot make insulin
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What is the main treatment for type 1 diabetes?
Insulin injections
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Where is insulin injected into when someone has type 1 diabetes?
Subcutaneous fat
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What are changes in lifestyle people with type 1 diabetes can make?
* Eat more complex carbohydrates
* Exercise regularly
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What causes type 2 diabetes?
Liver and muscle cells aren’t as responsive to insulin
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Can obesity cause type 2 diabetes?
Yes
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What is the equation for BMI?
weight ÷ height
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How does waist-to-hip ratio contribute to type 2 diabetes?
Ratio above 1.0 for men and 0.85 for women linked to increased risk
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What is the equation for waist-to-hip ratio?
waist circumference ÷ hip circumference
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State 2 treatments for type 2 diabetes?
* Healthy diet
* Regular exercise
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Do some people with type 2 diabetes inject insulin?
Yes
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State the endocrine for thyroxine.
Thyroid gland
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How does thyroxine concentration affect metabolic rate?
As thyroxine concentration increases, metabolic rate increases
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Which part of the brain monitors the concentration of thyroxine in the blood?
Hypothalamus
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What hormone does hypothalamus release when thyroxine concentration is lower than normal?
TRH