Neuroendocrine Control of Exercise

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers with which neurons communicate with target cells

Target Cells

Other neurons, effector organs

Neurohormone

NT released by a neuron into the bloodstream

Hormones

Chemical substances that originate in glandular tissue (or cells) and are transported through body fluids to a target cell to influence physiological activity

Autocrine Function

The action of a hormone on the cell that secreted the hormone

Paracrine Function

The action of a hormone released into the body fluids that has an effect on a nearby cell

Endocrine Function

A hormone released into the bloodstream that has an effect on target cells at a distant site

Neural; hormonal

Hypothalamus is both _____ & _______

Neural

_____ Component. Brainstem activates SNS which releases the NT norepinephrine, which can directly stimulate target sites; also stimulates adrenal medulla, which releases hormones norepinephrine & epinephrine

Hormonal

______ component. Hypothalamus releases CRH into the blood stream which stimulates the anterior pituitary which secretes ACTH. ACTH then stimulates the adrenal cortex which releases cortisol

The primary functions of the Nervous System

1. Monitoring the internal and external environment through sensory receptors

2. Integrating the information it receives

3. Initiating & coordinating a response by activating muscles & glands

Action Potential

Electrical signal that allows communication with a neuron

SNS & PSNS

What are the 2 branches of the Autonomic Nervous System?

Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, endocrine glands

What does the ANS innervate?

ACH

Cholinergic receptors respond to ______

NE

Adrenergic receptors respond to ______

Heart Rate Variability

The beta to beat variation in the time of the R-to-R intervals on a standard ECG

Poor ANS tone, risk for disease & mortality

In heart rate variability, if there is low variability what does that mean?

Heart Rate Recovery

Difference between maximal HR & HR after a given amount of time (1-2 minutes)

A greater PSNS response

In heart rate recovery, faster recovery time means…

Overall mortality

In heart rate recovery, if there is a delayed decrease in HR in the first minute that is a predictor of…

Primary Role of the Endocrine System

Regulate metabolism & CV system

Secondary Role of the Endocrine System

Muscle, bone, adipose tissue function

• Hypothalamus

• Pituitary

• Thyroid

• Parathyroid

• Adrenal

• Pancreas

• Gonads

• Heart

• Liver

• Kidneys

What are the major endocrine glands involved in exercise…