pediatrics quiz 2

Hyperplasia

increase in fiber numbers of cell

hypertrophy

increase in fiber size

growth

increase in size of the body or body parts

maturation

process of becoming fully mature

different types of maturation

skeletal age

sexual age

quantified age

somatic maturation- height

development

progress toward the adult state

what affects development

biological and environmental changes

what is the barker hypothesis

lifestyle factors during pregnancy may impact fetal growth and development

what impairs skeletal development of a fetus

nutrient restriction and overnutrition

what is the A in the Apgar scoring system

activity and muscle tone

what is the P in the apgar scoring system

pulse

what is the G in the apgar scoring system

grimace and reflex inability

what is the second A in apgar scoring system

appearance (skin color)

what is the R in the apgar scoring system

respiration

what is the max score for APGAR

10

what are the max points for APGAR

2

Head control for a new born

weak neck muscles

low motor skills

head control for ages 6 weeks

lift head

turn head

at least 30min tummy time

head control for ages 6 months

hold head steady

flex head forward

head control for ages 6-12 months

sitting alone and crawling

hand eye coordination and grasping

clear vision and babbling sounds

at what age do most infants start walking without help

12-18 months

what is the power of active play

active play enhances brain structure and function and promotes executive function

what are examples of active play

object play

physical play(rough & tumble play)

outdoor play (green play)

social play (interact w/each other)

developmental milestones

a set of functional skills or age specific tasks that most children can do at a certain age range

what are red flags in infant development

unable to sit alone by age 9 months

unable to transfer objects from hand to hand by age 1

abnormal pincher grip by 15 months

unable to walk alone by 18 months

failure to speak recognizable words by 2 yrs

what is the childs growth pattern

Cephalocaudal

proximodistal

cephalocaudal

head to toe direction

proximodistal

inward to outward pattern

what percent of an infants body length is their head

25%

percentage of muscle mass at birth

25% of body weight

percentage of muscle mass of adult women

30-35% of body weight

percentage of muscle mass of adult men

40-45% of body weight

percentage of fat mass at birth

10-12% of body fat

percentage of fat mass of adult women

25%

percentage of fat mass of adult men

15%

what hormones are involved in muscle protein synthesis

growth hormone

testosterone

estradiol

insulin growth factor 1(IGF 1)

how do you find leg length?

standing height- seated height

at what age are you at 50% of your adult height

age 2

for kids BMI what do we ot do?

use adult standards

is a BMI of 26.2 for a 10 year old normal? true or false

false

Primary assessment

indirect calorimetry: estimate energy expenditure

Direct observation: looking at activity

Secondary assessment

heart rate

accelerometers

pedometers

indicate if child participates in light, moderate or vigorous intensity activity

subjective assessment

self reports

validity

test measures what it claims to measure

reliability

consistency of test scores

objectivity

interrater reliability

intrarater reliability

interrater reliability

two diff people perform the test & get similar results

intrarater reliability

same person performs test two different times & gets similar results

feasibility

time

equipment

space

expertise

what is Criterion reference test "healthy fitness zone" based on?

aerobic fitness

muscle strength

flexibility

low level of health fitness zone

"good" reflects minimally acceptable level of health

upper level of health fitness zone

"better" reflects level designed to motivate students & provide challenge

Non-referenced standards

comparison of individuals performance against similar individuals

what is the norm reference assessment relative to?

performance of others

which standard test is preferred

Criterion reference standards

why is the criterion referenced standards preferred

they focus on whether children have achieved fitness levels linked to health benefits vs how well compared to others

who established presidents council on youth fitness and when

eisenhower ; July 1956

what is the presidents council on sports, fitness, and nutrition designed for?

to enhance health fitness and athleticism in all youth in the US

what do we test for physical fitness

aerobic

muscular fitness

flexibility

fundamental movement skills

physical activity

physical literacy

what is a Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER)

continuous multi-stage aerobic test

how many meters for the PACER test

20 meters(15m)

when do we stop PACER test

when student fails to reach line 2nd time

What to record from the PACER test

total # of laps

fitness gram Aerobic

PACER test

Fitness gram muscular strength

curl up

trunk lift

push up

modified pull-up/flex arm hang

Fitness gram flexibility

sit & reach

shoulder stretch

fitness gram body comp

skin fold

BMI

PACER correlates with VO2max peak

increase PACER performance increase VO2 peak

PACER correlates with Insulin resistance

increase PACER performance decrease insulin resistance

Insulin Resistance

cells in your muscles, fat, and liver cant use glucose for energy

glucose cant get into cell

when insulin resistance happens what does the pancreas do?

makes more insulin

blood glucose levels increase can cause

signs of poor metabolic health

become youth with pre-diabetes

lead to diabetes

boys low pacer

< 42ml/kg/min stage 6

girls low pacer

<35ml/kg/min stage 3

hand grip test helps determine what?

whole body muscle strength

What does poor muscular strength a marker of?

poor metabolic profile

Eurofitness testing battery

Flamingo balance test

plate tapping

standing broad jump

handgrip test

10x5m shuttle run

Product

focuses n the outcome

Process

focuses on how movement is performed (form)

Which is more important process or product

both are important

What does Criterion Repetition Max evaluate?

It evaluates the ability to lift correctly.

What should also be considered alongside the amount of weight lifted?

The lifter's demeanor.

Isometric Mid Thigh Pull(IMTP)

assess max isometric strength particularly peak force production and rate of force development

Delphi consensus

A structured method used to gather expert opinions on specific topics through multi rounds of surveys

what 4 tests should be included to assess youth health and fitness

BMI

20m shuttle

handgrip

long jump

skeletal age (golden standard)

X-ray

radiograms

Reference Criteria

Common method for skeletal age

Greulich-pyle method

Greulich-plye method

Hand & wrist

compare it to reference norm

pros of Skeletal age

gold standard

cons of skeletal age

expensive

trained observer

exposure to X-ray

Early maturing

Skeletal age> chronological age

faster

stronger

taller

average Maturing

skeletal age = chronological age

Late maturing

skeletal age< chronological age

slower

shorter

less strong

Primary sex characteristics

Body structures that are specific to sexual reproduction

Secondary sex characteristics

features that appear during puberty but are not directly part of the reproductive system

males secondary sex characteristics

body hair

muscle mass

increase stature

deepening voice

female secondary sex characteristics

body hair

breast enlargement

wider hips

adipose tissue

who created the 5 stages of sexual age

Dr James Tanner, 1969

tanner stage 1

prepubertal

tanner stage 2

entering adolescence