The Turning Point: The Glorious Revolution and the Industrial Revolution in England

Flashcards covering key concepts from The Turning Point chapter, focusing on institutional changes, creative destruction, and English economic-political transformations.

What invention did William Lee develop in 1589 that began the mechanization of textile production?

Stocking frame knitting machine.

Why did Elizabeth I refuse to grant William Lee a patent for his stocking frame?

She feared it would deprive workers of employment and trigger social and political instability.

What is the term for the process by which technological innovation increases prosperity but destroys old jobs and political power?

Creative destruction.

What are the two pillars of inclusive institutions emphasized in the Turning Point?

Political centralization and pluralism.

Which document established that the king had to consult with the barons before raising taxes?

The Magna Carta.

What were the two key features of England’s first elected Parliament in 1265?

It represented a broad set of social interests and was often opposed to the monarchy’s attempts to increase royal power.

Who won the War of the Roses and became king in 1485?

Henry Tudor (Henry VII).

What centralization steps did the Tudors take that strengthened the English state?

Disarming the aristocracy (Henry VII) and the Dissolution of the Monasteries (Henry VIII), creating a nascent bureaucratic state.

What revenue tactic did Charles I use that contributed to friction with Parliament?

Forced loans and unilateral changes to terms of loans.

What was the Long Parliament and when did it sit?

Parliament that sat from 1640 to 1648, refusing to dissolve during the Civil War.

Who led the Parliamentarians and the eventual victory in the English Civil War?

Oliver Cromwell.

What happened to Charles I in 1649 and what followed?

Charles I was executed; monarchy was replaced by Cromwell’s dictatorship.

What event in 1688–1689 established a constitutional monarchy and constrained the crown?

The Glorious Revolution, leading to the Bill of Rights (1689).

What did the Bill of Rights (1689) declare about taxation, standing armies, and elections?

Parliament’s consent for taxation; no standing army without Parliament; elections should be free.

What is a 'rotten borough' and why did it matter?

A parliamentary borough with a very small electorate that could elect MPs despite population shifts; used to influence Parliament before reforms.

What was the purpose and impact of the 1651 Navigation Acts?

To ensure trade was carried in English ships, restricting foreign competition and boosting English merchants.

Which company held a monopoly on the Atlantic slave trade and had its monopoly abolished in 1698?

The Royal Africa Company.

Name two spinning innovations that revolutionized textile production and who developed them.

Arkwright’s water frame and Hargreaves’s spinning jenny.