Minerals exam 3

How much of iron is found in the form of hemoglobin?

• 70%

When is iron absorbed?

• Only when the body becomes deficient in this mineral

What happens once iron is absorbed?

• It is held very tightly by the body and excretion is very low

Where is the chief storage site of iron?

• The liver w/ lesser amounts present in the spleen and bone marrow

What is the main route of iron excretion?

• Via the urine

Where is a small amount of urine excreted?

• In the feces along with the bile pigments of hemoglobin metabolism

What are the factors that influence absorption?

• Acid condition

• Adequate dietary protein

• Body’s need for iron

• Low physic acid level in diet

What is the most important for chelate FE absorption?

• Histidine & Lysine

What does iron have to do with cellular respiration?

• The utilization of O2 with the resultant formation of Co2 and H2O

How does the blood carry Oxygen from the lungs to the cells?

• By virtue of hemoglobin binding O2

Iron as a part of the Iron-porphyrin Nucleus, heme is apart of?

• Cytochrome C - In electron transport system

• Peroxidase

• Catalases

How are RBC formed?

• By a process known as hemopoiesis

TRUE OR FALSE?

Red blood cells are continuously replaced?

• True

What is the life span of RBC?

• 127 days

How does Anemia occur?

• When RBC are not renewed as rapidly as they are destroyed or if they increase in the number of cells which are required to enlarge the blood supply w/ growth does not occur

What are the causes of anemia?

• Pathological

• Hemorrhagic (Acute & Chronic) blood loss

• Hereditary

• Nutritional

What is the normal RBC size?

• Normocytic

What is the larger than normal RBC size?

• Macrocytic

What is the smaller than normal RBC size?

• Microcytic

What is the normal hemoglobin concentration of RBC?

• Normochromic

What is the subnormal hemoglobin concentration of RBC?

• Hypo-chromic

What is the above normal hemoglobin concentration of RBC?

• Hyper-chromic

What is the hemorrhage version of Anemia?

• RBC can be normal size and normal concentration of hemoglobin may exit. Thus normocytic, normochromic anemia

What is the iron deficiency version of anemia?

• Available supply of iron is deficient relative to needs. Generally produces a hypochromic, microcytic

What are the different functions of copper?

• Hemoglobin synthesis

• Enzyme activity (about 10-12 enzymes are known to be influenced by copper)

• Required for the normal disulfide linkage in wool

• Necessary for normal bone formation

• Necessary for development of the myelin sheath protecting the nerves

What are signs of copper deficiencies?

• Wasting disease

• Enzootic ataxia or sway back disease

• Falling disease of cattle

• Nutritional anemia

• Graying of black hair and wool

• Excessive Mo may interfere with Cu++ metabolism and precipitate in Cu++ deficiency

What are the different cobalt functions?

• A constituent of the vitamin B12 molecules

• Serve as an enzyme cofactor I.E for arginase

What are signs of cobalt deficiency?

• General malnutrition (Listless, loss of appetite and weight, weak, anemic)

• Anemia

• Degeneration of fat off liver

• Deposits of hemosiderin in the spleen- breakdown products of hemoglobin

About __% of the body content is in the thyroid gland?

• 60%

What is the thyroids gland primary function?

• The production of the hormone thyroxine

What is thyroxine responsible for?

• Regulating the metabolic rate of the body

Thyroxine contains about ___% iodine and is an amino acid

• 65%

How can thyroxine be synthesized in the body?

• By providing the diet that contains tyrosine or phenylamine

TRUE OR FALSE?

Removal of thyroid results in stunting of development if done early in life

• True

What does thyroidectomy result in for adult animals?

• Premature aging

• Mental & physical sluggishness

What are thyroproteins responsible for?

• Stimulating body processes such as milk and egg production

What are the functions of manganese?

• Sexual maturation

• Enzyme cofactor

• Component of arginase

• Essential for normal reproduction

• Normal bone formation

• Normal muscle formation

• Protects our cells against damage from free radicals

What are the different zinc deficiency diseases?

• Dermatitis- Parakeratosis in swine

• Keratosis in chicks

• In dairy calves- Swollen, rough and scaly skin, also alopecia and retarded growth

What are the signs of selenium deficiencies?

• Increase mortality of newborn lambs and calves

• White muscle disease in lambs & calves

• Exudative diathesis in chicks

• Liver necrosis in rats

What is molybdenum?

• Known for its toxic effects to grazing animals of certain areas of the world

• Possible nutritional role in the growth of lambs via possible stimulatory effects on rumen microbes

Why is molybdenum necessary in the nitrate reductase system?

• To convert nitrates to nitrites in plants

What is molybdenum toxicity?

• Teartness

What are the florine toxicities?

• Bone lose color, luster becomes thickened and softened

• Bone breaking strength decreases

• Bony outgrowth occur from surface

• Total ash content of bone decreases

• Teeth become soft, worn down in certain areas and sensitive to cold

• Increased dental problems leads to

  decreased food consumption

What are the functions of mineral elements?

• Structural component of teeth and bones

• Cofactors for enzymes

• Constituents of essential components in body: Fe in HB, I in thyroxine, Co in VIT B12, S in methionine & biotin, Mo in xanthine oxidase

• Constituents of body fluids like blood, interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid

• Help maintain: osmotic pressure, normal blood ph, involved in transmission of nerve impulses

What are mineral deficiencies caused by?

• Sub-optimal Amount In Feed.

• Imbalance Of Another Mineral Which

• Decreases Absorption

• Any Condition Which Increases Rate Of Passage Through The Gut e.g. Scours

• A Metabolic Antagonist Which Causes The Animal To Require More Dietary Mineral To Overcome Antagonism

What are the different excretion routes for minerals?

1.Some almost entirely in feces

2.Some in urine

3.Some both routes

4.Some lost in sweat (like Na+)

5.Fe++ may be lost due to blood loss (e.g. from wound, disease, menstrual cycles)

What are many minerals involved in?

• A process called chelation

What is chelation responsible for?

• A chelating agent, or chelator will bind a mineral to varying degrees

What happens during the chelation process?

• Sequestering or isolating the mineral from interactions w/ other compounds

How do chelates benefit nutritionally?

• May bind trace elements in diet and then release them at site where needed

• prevents other interactions during digestion

How do chelates benefit medically?

• By removing certain isotopes or poisons from the body by binding them, then the complex is excreted

What are the different macro minerals

• Calcium

• Phosphorus

• Magnesium

• Potassium

• Sulfur

• Sodium

• Chlorin

What are the different micro minerals

• Iron

• Manganese

• Boron

• Zinc

• Copper

• Molybdenum

• Chlorine

• Nickel

___% Ca and ___% P in bones and teeth=major structural component

• 99% & 80%

What does calcium form?

• Hydroxyapatite crystals (They are extremely hard and difficult to solubilize)

What is the ratio of Ca:P

• 2:1

Although bone formation is the major function and demand for ca++ what are the other important regulatory functions?

• Represents about 1% of the Ca

• It occurs in soft tissues such as blood serum, muscle, and tissues

What are the different functions of calcium?

• Maintaining total body health for normal growth and development

• Keeps bones and teeth strong

• Ensures proper function of muscles and nerves

• Keeps heart beating

• Helps blood clotting and regulating blood pressure

• Metabolized iron

• Associated with cell structure and absorbing Vit 12

What hormones does calcium regulate?

• A # of hormones (particularly those associated w/ the thyroid and parathyroid glands)

What are signs of calcium deficiency?

• Reduced growth especially bone

• Hyper irritability and tetany

• Poor reproductive performance

What is rickets?

• When growing bones do not calcify properly, hence bones tend to bend under weight of animal

What is osteomalacia

• occurs in adult bone; involves a softening of the bone due to a decrease in mineral content

What is osteopenia?

• is the presence of less than normal amount of bone. if not treated, may result in osteoporosis.

What is osteoporosis?

• occurs when the composition of the bone is normal, but the mass is so reduced that the skeleton loses its strength and becomes unable to perform its supporting role in the body

TRUE OR FALSE?

Bow legs are caused by a deficiency in calcium?

• True

What are the different factors that facilitate the absorption of calcium?

• Vitamin D and Vitamin K

• Sufficient hydrochloric acid in the stomach

• Exercise

• Magnesium, and hormones, including the parathyroid and estrogen hormones

• Small amounts of fat

TRUE OR FALSE?

High fat reduces the availability of calcium

True

What percentage of Phosphorus is in bone?

• 80%

What is the concentration of whole blood?

~ 34-45 mg P/ 100ml (most of which is in RBC’s

Inorganic P in plasma is about

• 4-9 mg/100 ml

TRUE OR FALSE?

Kidneys play an important role in the maintenance of P balance

True

Phosphorus is necessary for

• Phosphorylations in CHO metabolism

Phosphorus is important for energy transfers such ss

• NAD, NADP

Phosphorus has constituents of

• ATP

Phosphorus has

• Constituent nucleoproteins, phosphoproteins, DNA, RNA, phospholipids in cell membrane

What happens when there is a deficiency in phosphorus?

• Decreased Growth

• Decreased Bone Growth

• Rickets Or Osteomalacia - problem due to variation in dietary ratio of Ca++ and P when P is low

• It is further complicated by PTH which tends to cause an increase excretion of P in urine

• PICA

What is pica?

• (eating nonfood materials)- occurs in grazing animals thus increase fragile bones, lameness, low fertility

How much of magnesium is in the skeleton?

• 70%

Where is the remaining 30% of magnesium distributed

• In body fluids & tissues

What is the blood concentration of magnesium

• 2-3 mg/100 ml

About ____ of skeletal Mg++ can be mobilized to blood in case of reduced dietary supply

• 1/3

What are the different functions of magnesium

1. Bone Formation

2.Enzyme Activator

3.Helps Prevent Nerve Irritability (Similar To Ca++)

What happens when there’s a deficiency of magnesium?

• Low blood Mg++

• Vasodilatation

• Hyper-irritability

• Convulsions and death

• Grass tetany

• Nervousness, loss of appetite, trembling

What is the scientific name of grass tetany

• Hypomagnesemia

• common occurrence in cows and ewes turned on lush pasture in spring

How much potassium does the body contain?

~0.2% K+

Where does potassium primarily occur?

• in intracellular fluid (blood cells have 20 fold greater K+ than

plasma)

Where is potassium absorbed?

• In the small intestine

Where is potassium excreted?

• In the kidneys which results in 90& of loss

• Variable loss by sweating

What are the different functions of potassium?

1. Regulates osmotic pressure (but as the major solute in cell)

2. Regulates acid-base balance

3. Regulates muscle contraction - nerve impulses

4. It is an enzyme cofactor

What happens if there is a deficiency of potassium

1.Reduced growth

2.Heart lesions

3.Tubular degeneration of kidneys

4.Not uncommon to get K+ deficiency during PREGNANCY Increase muscular aches and

weakness - bananas or oranges = good source

How much of sulfur does the body contain?

• 0.15%

Where is most sulfur present in?

• A small amount is present as the inorganic sulfate ion SO4.

• in the free amino acids, CYS and MET, and in the plasma proteins

• Another portion is present in various organic compounds - e.g. insulin (hormone regulating blood sugar) and glutathione (a reducing agent in metabolism).

What are the different functions of sodium?

1. Osmotic pressure regulation - helps maintain normal H2O distribution

2. Regulates acid-base balance

3. Impact muscle contraction

What happens if there is a deficiency in sodium?

1. Decreased Feed Consumption

2. Poor Growth And Production

3. Emaciation Or Wasting Away of Muscles

How much of chlorine is inside the body?

• 0.1% Cl

Where is chlorine located in the body?

• Inside and outside cells

What are the functions of Chlorine?

1.Regulates osmotic pressure

2.Regulates acid-base balance

3.Gastric secretion in stomach as free HCl and as salts - initiates hydrolysis and lowers the pH of the stomach; this activates the proteolytic enzyme pepsinogen → pepsin

Why are trace minerals important?

• These are minerals that are required by the animal in small amounts

• Minerals are necessary for oxygen transport, energy metabolism, growth, and cell and nerve protection

• They are essential in the assimilation and utilization of vitamins and other nutrients

• They aid in replacing electrolytes lost through heavy perspiration or diarrhea

• also protect against toxic reaction and heavy metal poisoning

___% of the iron is found in the form of ____

• 70% and Hemoglobin