bio man

Calvin Cycle

Calvin Cycle

The ___________ is a cyclic set of endergonic reactions that occur in the colourless stroma, that synthesize carbohydrates from CO2

Stroma

The Calvin Cycle is a cyclic set of endergonic reactions that occur in the colourless _______, that synthesize carbohydrates from CO2

Carbon fixation

What term is used to describe the joining of a CO2 to P-C5-P (ribulose-1,5-biphosphate)?

Rubisco

Carbon fixation is a carboxylation reaction catalyzed by ___________

Rubisco

Supposedly the planet's most abundant protein

P-C6-P

Carbon fixation produces a _____ molecule

C3-P

The resulting P-C6-P molecule from carbon fixation splits into two ____ molecules

Reduction

In ___________ (phase 2 of the Calvin Cycle), each C3-P molecule goes through 2 reactions:

1. Substrate-level phosphorylation (requiring 1ATP → 1ADP)

2. Redox (requiring 1 NADPH → 1 NADP+)

Substrate-level phosphorylation

In reduction (phase 2 of the Calvin Cycle), each C3-P molecule goes through 2 reactions:

1. _______________________ (requiring 1ATP → 1ADP)

2. Redox (requiring 1 NADPH → 1 NADP+)

ATP, ADP

In reduction (phase 2 of the Calvin Cycle), each C3-P molecule goes through 2 reactions:

1. Substrate-level phosphorylation (requiring 1____ → 1____)

2. Redox (requiring 1 NADPH → 1 NADP+)

Redox

In reduction (phase 2 of the Calvin Cycle), each C3-P molecule goes through 2 reactions:

1. Substrate-level phosphorylation (requiring 1ATP → 1ADP)

2. ___________ (requiring 1 NADPH → 1 NADP+)

NADPH, NADP+

In reduction (phase 2 of the Calvin Cycle), each C3-P molecule goes through 2 reactions:

1. Substrate-level phosphorylation (requiring 1ATP → 1ADP)

2. Redox (requiring 1________ → 1_______)

G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate)

The result of reduction (phase 2 of the Calvin Cycle), is 1C3-P → 1______

G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate)

What is the "end-game" of photosynthesis?

Regeneration

In ________________ (phase 3 of the Calvin Cycle), 5 G3P are recycled into 3 P-C5-P, requiring 3ATP → 3ADP

ATP, ADP

In regeneration (phase 3 of the Calvin Cycle), 5 G3P are recycled into 3 P-C5-P, requiring 3____ → 3____

CO2, ATP, NADPH

What are the 3 requirements for the Calvin Cycle?

Is not

Light (is/is not) a requirement for the Calvin Cycle

2

How many different photosystems are on the thylakoid membranes of plant chloroplasts?

PSI, PSII

The two different photosystems on the thylakoid membranes of plant chloroplasts are ____ and _____

2

How many ETCs are on the thylakoid membranes of plant chloroplasts?

ETC (electron transfer chain)

A(n) ____ links the downstream end of PSII to the upstream end of PSI

Thylakoid membrane

An ETC links the downstream end of PSI to the outer surface of the _________________

PSI

An ETC links the downstream end of (PSI/PSII) to the outer surface of the thylakoid membrane

False

True or false? Electrons flow from PSI to PSII

True

True or false? Electrons flow from PSII to PSI

Z-scheme

The arrangement of the 2 photosystems and the 2 ETCs is called a ___________

Colourless

ETC molecules are ____________

NADP+

The ETC from PSI is relatively short, so the electrons are still somewhat high-energy when they reach the end, and as such can be passed to ________

Proton-motive

Electron flow down the ETC from PSII to PSI creates __________ force

1

For each pair of electrons that passes along the ETC, enough H+ ions are pumped across the thylakoid membrane to make how many ATP?

PSII

PSI makes up its electron shortfall by receiving electrons from ____

Splitting H2O

PSII makes up its electron shortfall by ______________

Photons

Energy from ________ is used to split water, to make up for the elctron shortfall of PSII

2

In order to produce 1 O2 molecule, how many water molecules would have to be split?

2

How many times is 1 electron excited by a photon as it passes through the Z scheme?

2

How many NADP+s will be needed to receive the electrons released when 2 water molecules are split?

8

What is the minimum number of photons needed to move the electrons from 2 water molecules all the way through the Z scheme to NADP+ in the stroma?

Chemiosmosis

The proton-motive force resulting from the ETC from PSII to PSI is used to synthesize ATP by what process?

ATP synthase

The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis synthesize ATP by diffusing H+ ions through __________________

3, 3, 3, 1, 3, 3

Overall, the net result of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is:

2H2O + __NADP+ + __ADP + __Pi → __O2 + __NADPH + __ATP

Photophosphorylation

The making of ATP in chloroplasts by chemiosmosis in association with all the light reactions (photosystems and ETCs) is called ____________________

Autotroph(s)

Organisms that synthesize all the organic molecules they need from simple inorganic molecules and an outside energy source

2

How many types of autotrophs are there?

Chemoautotroph(s)

Organisms which obtain energy from the oxidation of electron donor molecules, and synthesize organic compounds from CO2

Photoautotroph(s)

Autotrophs which use light as their energy source

Heterotroph(s)

Organisms which CANNOT make all the organic molecules they need from simple inorganic molecules

Fatty acids, amino acids, immune

Other functions of chloroplasts are the synthesis of ___________ and ____________, and involvement in the ___________ response

Reduced

In photosynthesis, the carbon in CO2 is (oxidized/reduced)

Oxidized

In photosynthesis, the oxygen in H2O is (oxidized/reduced)

Endergonic

Photosynthesis is (endergonic/exergonic)

+685 (kcal/mol)

∆G for photosynthesis

Leaves

In plants, chloroplasts are mostly located in the _________ (as well as the stems)

Intermembrane space

Chloroplasts (and all plastids) have two smooth outer membranes, separated by the ____________________

Stroma

In chloroplasts, the second membrane contains a fluid called _______

Thylakoid(s)

In chloroplasts, the stroma contains fluid-filled sacs called __________

Thylakoid

In chloroplasts, the third set of membranes is the __________ membranes

(Thylakoid) lumen

Inside the thylakoids is what?

Grana

Stacks of thylakoids are called what?

Stromal lamellae

Different grana can be connected, by __________________

Light reactions, Calvin Cycle

Two main reaction categories in photosynthesis

Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid( pigment)s

Light-harvesting pigments include what 3 types of molecules?

Antenna

When a photon of appropriate wavelength strikes a pigment molecule in the ____________, it excites an electron of one of the atoms of that molecule

Electron

When a photon of appropriate wavelength strikes a pigment molecule in the antenna, it excites an ____________ of one of the atoms of that molecule

Ground state

The excited electron will return almost immediately to its ______________, releasing energy, as a less energetic photon or heat (in isolated pigments), or as resonance energy transfer (in photosynthesis)

More

The shorter the wavelength of a photon, the (less/more) energy it has

Blue, red

Chlorophylls absorb light best in the _____ and _____ coloured ranges

Broadens

Having more than one type of pigment in the antenna (broadens/narrows) the spectrum of absorbable light

Action spectrum (for photosynthesis)

This graph that looks at all the pigments combined; it shows the relative rate of photosynthesis at different wavelengths (measured by O2 production)

Some (evidenced by some O2 production)

(No/some) green light is used in photosynthesis

Photosystem(s)

Light harvesting occurs in ______________ located on the thylakoid membranes

Antenna

A photosystem consists of a(n) ___________, containing 250-400 pigment molecules, surrounding a reaction centre

Reaction centre

The _____________ is surrounded by antenna; it contains proteins, a specialized chlorophyll a, and the primary electron acceptor

Resonance energy transfer

The released energy of the excited electron is passed from pigment to pigment in what process?

Reaction centre chlorophyll a

Eventually, the energy of the excited electron passes to the ________________________ molecule

Primary electron acceptor

The reaction centre chlorophyll a transfers its excited electron to a ______________ molecule (in a redox reaction)

Resonance energy transfer

The energy transfer from pigments to the reaction centre chlorophyll a is a (redox/resonance energy transfer) reaction

Redox

The energy transfer from reaction centre chlorophyll a to primary electron acceptor is a (redox/resonance energy transfer) reaction

Chemical (bond)

When the electron is transferred to the primary electron acceptor, light energy is finally converted into ___________ energy

ETC (electron transfer chain)

The excited electron is then immediately transferred down a(n) _____

Electron shortfall

Due to _____________ in reaction centre, there must be new electrons brought in to replace the high energy electrons lost to the ETC

Proton-motive

The pumping of H+ from the matrix into the intermembrane space creates a ______________ force, which can be used to make ATP

ATP

The pumping of H+ from the matrix into the intermembrane space creates a proton-motive force, which can be used to make ____

3

For each pair of electrons travelling down the ETC from NADH, enough hydrogens are pumped across the inner membrane to produce __ ATP

2

For each pair of electrons travelling down the ETC from FADH2, enough hydrogens are pumped across the inner membrane to produce __ ATP

H2O

At the end of the ETC, O2 is reduced to form ____

Exogenous

In order for ETCs to function, a(n) ___________ final electron acceptor (eg O2) must be present

Concentration, voltage

The proton-motive force established by the pumping of H+ is both a ________________ and __________ gradient

ATP synthase

H+ ions diffuse across the inner membrane through channels located within the bases of the many transmembrane __________________ enzymes located in the membrane