Studied by 0 PeopleTags & Description
Learning
A process by which behavior or knowledge changes as a result of experience
Classical Conditioning
When a neutral stimulus gains the ability to elicit a response from an organism because it was associated with some other stimulus that reliability and automatically elicited that response in the past
Conditioned stimulus
in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
Conditioned responses
Elicited by the conditioned stimulus
Unconditioned stimulus
A stimulus that results in unlearned reflexive response
Unconditioned response
Reflexive unlearned response to the unconditioned stimulus
Neutral stimulus
A stimulus that with conditioning will elicit a response, but w/o conditioning, won't.
Stimulus
External event or cue that elicits a perceptual response
Acquisition
The initial phase of learning where a response is established
Extinction
losing/weakening of the CR as the CS and US are no longer paired.
CR becomes unnecessary if the CS is a no longer reliable predictor.
Previous CR can still return even after the extinction.
Spontaneous recovery
A recurrence of previously extinguished CR
Stimulus generalization
A process in which a response that originally occurred for a specific stimulus also occurs for different, specific stimuli
Discrimination
Response to original stimuli but not other similar stimuli (not paired*)
Conditioned emotional response
Consist of emotional and physiological responses to a specific object or situation
Preparedness
The biological predisposition to rapidly learn a response to a particular class of stimuli
Conditioned taste aversion
The dislike of food or drink because it was paired with illness
Latent inhibition
Occurs when frequent experience with a stimulus before it is paired with a US makes it less likely that conditioning will occur after a single episode of illness
Evaluative conditioning
An attempt to pair a stimulus with either positive or negative stimuli (eg. political strategy)
Operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is influenced by consequences
Contingency
A consequence depends on an action
Reinforcement
A process in which an event of reward that follows a response increases the likelihood of that response occurring again
Law of effect
The idea that responses followed by satisfaction will occur again in the same situation, whereas those that are not followed by satisfaction become less likely
Reinforcer
Stimulus contingent upon a response and that increases the probability of that response occurring again
Punishment
A process that decreases the future probability of a response
Punisher
A stimulus that is contingent upon a response, and that results in a decrease of behaviour
Positive
Stimulus is added to a situation; refers to reinforcement or punishment
Negative
Stimulus removed from a situation; refers to reinforcement or punishment
Negative reinforcement
Involves the strengthening of a behaviour because it removes or diminishes a stimulus
Avoidance learning
A specific type of negative reinforcement that removes the possibility that a stimulus will occur
Escape learning
Occurs if a response removes a stimulus that is already present
Positive punishment
A process in which a behaviour decreases in frequency because it was followed by a usually unpleasant stimulus
Negative punishment
Occurs when a behaviour decreases because it removes or diminishes a particular stimulus
Shaping
Reinforcing successive approximations of a specific operant response
Chaining
Linking together two or more shaped behaviours into a more complex action or sequence of actions
Applied behaviour analysis (ABA)
Involves using close observation, prompting, and reinforcement to teach behaviours, often to people who experience difficulties and challenges owing to a developmental condition such as autism
Primary reinforcers
Consist of reinforcing stimuli that satisfy basic motivational needs that affect an organism's ability to survive (or reproduce)
Secondary reinforcers
Consist of stimuli that acquire their reinforcing effects only after we learn that they have value
Nucleus accumbens
Brain circuit activated during rewarding activities (eg. smoking a cig, sex)
Discriminative stimulus
A cue or event that indicates that a response (if made) will be reinforced
Generalization
This takes place when an operant response occurs in response to a new stimulus that is similar to the stimulus present during the original learning
Delayed reinforcement
Delayed response of rewarding feeling after stimulus. Hard to establish conditioned behaviour
Extinction
The weakening of an operant response when reinforcement is no longer available
Reward Devaluation
Behaviour change when reinforcer loses appeal
Schedules of reinforcement
Rules that determine when reinforcement is available
Continuous reinforcement
Every response made results in reinforcement. Reward provided every time
Partial (intermittent) reinforcement
Only a certain number of responses are rewarded, or a certain amount of time must pass before reinforcement is available
Ratio schedule
The reinforcements are based on the amount of responding
Interval Schedule
The reinforcements are based on the amount of time between reinforcements, not the number of responses an organism makes.
Fixed schedule
The schedule of reinforcement remains the same over time
Variable schedule
The schedule of reinforcement varies from reinforcement to reinforcement
Fixed ratio schedule
Reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been completed. Results in high rates of consistent responses
Variable ratio schedule
The number of responses required to receive reinforcement varies according to an average. High rates of consistent responses - more resistant to the extinction of behaviour (eg. gambling in a casino)
Fixed interval schedule
Reinforces the first response occurring after a set amount of time passes. Will result in slow unsustained responses (increase around time for reinforcement)
Variable interval schedule
The first response is reinforced following a variable amount of time. Results in slow but consistent responses
Partial reinforcement effect
Refers to a phenomenon in which organisms that have been conditioned under partial reinforcement resist extinction longer than those conditioned under continuous reinforcement
Classical Conditioning Example: Checking to see if the washing machine load is finished
fixed interval
Classical Conditioning Example: Slot machines
variable ratio
Classical Conditioning - Repeatedly dialing a busy number
variable interval - person answering reinforcer
Classical Conditioning Example: A rat gets reinforced for every 10th lever press
fixed ratio
Operant Conditioning Example: Using drugs to avoid withdrawal symptoms
negative reinforcement
Operant Conditioning Example: Being fined for a speeding ticket
positive punishment
Operant Conditioning Example: Not allowed outside because you didnt come home before dark
negative punishment
Operant Conditioning Example: A compliment from a supervisor at work
positive reinforcement
Difference between classical and operant conditioning
Classical - associate involuntary response and stimulus. Operant - associate behaviour a
Operant - associate voluntary behaviour and consequence
Latent learning
learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful
Observational learning
Involves changes in behaviour and knowledge that result from watching others
Attention
Must pay attention to behaviour of others and consequences
Retention
Storing mental representation in memory
Reproduction
Need to use what you saw as overt behaviour. To imitiate a behaviour we must string together the correct pattern of responses
Motivation
You need to be motivated to reproduce the behaviour
Imitation
Recreating someone else's motor behaviour or expression, often to accomplish a specific goal
Mirror neurons
Neurons are linked to functions ranging from understanding people's emotional states to observational learning
Stimulus organism response theory
Highlights the role played by an individual's interpretation of a situation
Higher order conditioning
Where we may start to pair a conditioned stimulus with a neutral stimulus through a learning process. This leads to a conditioned response
Vicarious learning
learning the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for performing the action
Social learning theory
Social conditions are important determinants of behaviour
Bandura proposed humans are neither compelled by inner forces not totally controlled via envioronment. (classical / instrumental conditioning) Rather, via interactions between behaviors and the conditions that control them
Eg. bandura's bobo doll experiment: modelling of aggression w/ kids
Mirror neurons
Activated when you are doing an action or watching someone else perform the same action
Internally represent action
Memory
the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information