Studied by 0 peoplewhat is the basic structural and functional unit of all living things
Cell
what is cell theory
all organisms are composed of cells
all cells come only from pre existing cells
cells are the smallest structural and functional unit of organism
cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA
what ate the different types of light microscopy
conofocal, fluorescence, brightfield
how does a compound microscope enlarge the image
The compound microscope uses lenses and light to enlarge the image
what are the 2 systems of lenses that the compound microscope has for greater magnification
the ocular or eyepeice lens
2)objective lens or lense closest to the object
what is the compound microscope
an optical instrument consisting of two convex lenses of short focal lengths which is used for observing the highly magnified images of tiny objects.
how many convex lenses does a compound microscope have
2
what are the 2 convex lenses of short focal lengths used for in a compound microscope
observing highly magnified images of tiny objects.
what do cells and tissues determine
the form and function of the body
what do cells and tissues do
carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life
what are cells specialized to do
perform special functions
examples of cells
red blood cells, plant stem, nerve cell, bacteria, amoeba proteus.
what are the 3 main regions of a cell
nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane
what are organelles
specialized structures within cells, they perform specific functions
what are the functions of a cell
cell metabolism and energy use
sythesis of molecules
communication
reproduction and inheritance
what are organisms made out of one cell called
unicellular organism
examples of unicellular organisms
bacteria
what is a unicellular organism
organisms made our of one cells
what are organisms made out of many cells called
multicellular organisms
examples of multicellualr organisms
plants, animals
what is a multicellular organism
organism made of many cells
what does prokaryotic mean
organisms that do not have a distinct nucleus
example of a prokaryot
bacteria
what does eukaryotic mean
organisms with cells that have true nucleus and organelles
example of eukaryotic
plants, animals, and fungi
what are the characteristics of a prokaryotic
no nucleus
no membrane bound organelles
has cell walls
has circular chromosomes
common cells structures of prokaryotic
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, Ribosomes
what shape chromosomes does prokaryotic have
circular
what does domain Eukarya include
protists
fungi
plants
animals
what do the cells of eukaryotic cells contain
Membrane-bound nucleus that houses DNA
Specialized organelles
Plasma membrane
some cells have a cell wall
which cells are bigger, prokaryotic or eukaryotic
eukaryotic are much larger then prokaryotic
what does a typical animals cells consist of
plasma cells membrane
endoplasmic reticulum
nucleus
ribosome
golgi
mitochondria
lysosome
label the animal cells
what are the charcteristics of a cell membrane
fluid mosaic bilayers surround the cell content
it controls the ins/outs of the cells
gives the cells stability during temperature changes
important in cell recognition
cell signaling
cell adhesion
what is cytoplasm
gel like medium that holds the organells in position
what does the nucleus consist of
double nuclear envelope
nuclear pore
nucleoplasm
nucleolus
what do double nuclear envelopes do
enclose/protect DNA
what does nuclear pore do
receives substances for DNA replication, exits for mRNA
what is nucleoplasm contain
chromatin granules, DNA associated proteins.
what does nucleolus do
produces rRNA part of ribosomes, proteins, coenzymes, enzymes for nucleic acid synthesis, RNA
what are ribosomes
the cells protein factories
what do ribosomes do
make protein
what is rough Endoplasminc Reticulum covered in
ribosomes
what do ribosomes on the surface do
synthesize proteins which are then transported through the interconnected system
what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum
interconnected system of flattened sacs
what is smooth endoplasmic reticulum
system of interconnected tubules
what does the smoothe ER synthesisze
triglycerided, phospholipid, cholesterol
does smooth ER have ribosomes
no
what does smooth ER modify
steroid hormones
what liquid is cytoplasm made out of
cytosol
where does metabolism take place
cytoplasm
what does cytoplasm contain
water/solution
where do most organelles float
cytoplasm
what floats in the cytoplasm
organelles
what does the mitochondria consist of
double membrane
outer membrane
inner membranes
what does the double membrane in mitochondria do
it isolates certain reaction
substrates can be maintained
high concentration of enzymes
what is the outer membrane in the mitochondria permeable to
salt, sugar, nucleotides
what does the inner membrane in the mitochondria do
it controls chemical composition of the matrix and optimizes enzyme activity
how many subunits do ribosomes have
2
what are ribosomes made out of
rRNA/protein
where is rRNA formed
nucleus and moves out via pored
where is the protein part of the ribosomes assembled
the cytoplasm
what are lysosomes
vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes
what do lysosomes do
break down old organelles and recycle the materials
break down storage materials
break down whole cell when it dies
what are vacuoles
sac like structures for storage
what do golgi apparatus do
processes and packages protein and other substances produced in the ER. it modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion
what does the cytoskeleton consist of
microtubules, micro filaments, intermediate filaments
where are centrosomes found
only inside eukaryotic/animal cells.
what do centrisomes comprise of
2 centrioles that are essentially just rings of microtubules
what are centrioles
Paired organelles found together near the nucleus, at right angles to each other.
what do centrioles play a role in
building cilia and flagella
they play a roles in cellular reproduction
what do microtubules do
shape the cell
guide the movements of cells/organelles with the help of motor proteins
make up spindles that seperate chromosomes during cell division
what organelles are found in plant cells only
cell wall and chloroplast
what is cell wall mainly composed of
cellulose(fibre for our diet)
what does chloroplast make
it makes glucose using the energy from the sun(photsynthesis)
what are cilia/flagella
long structure projecting out of a cell membrane
a core of microtubules sheathed by the plasma
is flageelum or cilia longer
flagellum is longer and cillia is shorter
what is flagellum for
the movement of the cell
what is the cillia for
to beat up things
label the plant cell
compare and contrast plant and animal cells
what would happen to a cell if it didnt have a cells wall
it wouldnt have a shape
what color is chloroplast
green
what is a specialized cell
a cell that has a special shape and features that help it to do its job
plant example of specialized cells
leaf cells contain many chloroplasts to maximize photosynthesis
stem cell(potato) contains many vacuoles to maximize water and starch storage
why do stem cells contain many vacuoles
to maximize water and starch storgae
why do leaf cells contain many chloroplasts
to maximize photosythesis
where is a palisade cell found
top of the leaf
what is the structure of a palisade cell
it is tall and has a large surface area to catch as much sunlight as possible and is packed with chloroplasts to absorb light
what is the function of a palisade cell
to carry out photsynthesis
to help make plant food
examples of specialised plant cells
xylem cells
phloem cells
what do xylem cells do
transport water and mineral ions from the roots to the leaves.
what are xylem cells made out of
cells that have dies and the cell walls have broken down between them forming hollow tubes strengthened by lignin
what do phloem cells do
transport the products of photosythesis(glucose) from the leaves to the rest of the plant
what is phloem cells made out of
living cells where the cell wall has broken down between cells to form sieve plates that sllow sugars to flow freely by translocation
what is the structure of a root hair cell
large surface area
thin cell wall
no chlorplasts
what is the function of root hair cell
absorb minerals and wate soil
why does a root hair cell have a large surface area
to absorb lots of water
why does a root hair cell have a thin cell wall
to allow water to pass through easily
why do epithlial cells have villi
to increase nutrient absorption found in the intestines
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