bio 3 cont

what is the basic structural and functional unit of all living things

Cell

what is cell theory

all organisms are composed of cells

all cells come only from pre existing cells

cells are the smallest structural and functional unit of organism

cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA

what ate the different types of light microscopy

conofocal, fluorescence, brightfield

how does a compound microscope enlarge the image

The compound microscope uses
lenses and light to enlarge the image

what are the 2 systems of lenses that the compound microscope has for greater magnification

1) the ocular or eyepeice lens

2)objective lens or lense closest to the object

what is the compound microscope

an optical
instrument consisting of two convex lenses
of short focal lengths which is used for
observing the highly magnified images of
tiny objects.

how many convex lenses does a compound microscope have

2

what are the 2 convex lenses of short focal lengths used for in a compound microscope

observing highly magnified images of tiny objects.

what do cells and tissues determine

the form and function of the body

what do cells and tissues do

carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life

what are cells specialized to do

perform special functions

examples of cells

red blood cells, plant stem, nerve cell, bacteria, amoeba proteus.

what are the 3 main regions of a cell

nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane

what are organelles

specialized structures within cells, they perform specific functions

what are the functions of a cell

1. cell metabolism and energy use
2. sythesis of molecules
3. communication
4. reproduction and inheritance

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what are organisms made out of one cell called

unicellular organism

examples of unicellular organisms

bacteria

what is a unicellular organism

organisms made our of one cells

what are organisms made out of many cells called

multicellular organisms

examples of multicellualr organisms

plants, animals

what is a multicellular organism

organism made of many cells

what does prokaryotic mean

organisms that do not have a distinct nucleus

example of a prokaryot

bacteria

what does eukaryotic mean

organisms with cells that have true nucleus and organelles

example of eukaryotic

plants, animals, and fungi

what are the characteristics of a prokaryotic

no nucleus

no membrane bound organelles

has cell walls

has circular chromosomes

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common cells structures of prokaryotic

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, Ribosomes

what shape chromosomes does prokaryotic have

circular

what does domain Eukarya include

protists

fungi

plants

animals

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what do the cells of eukaryotic cells contain

Membrane-bound nucleus that houses DNA

Specialized organelles

Plasma membrane

some cells have a cell wall

which cells are bigger, prokaryotic or eukaryotic

eukaryotic are much larger then prokaryotic

what does a typical animals cells consist of

plasma cells membrane

endoplasmic reticulum

nucleus

ribosome

golgi

mitochondria

lysosome

label the animal cells

what are the charcteristics of a cell membrane

fluid mosaic bilayers surround the cell content

it controls the ins/outs of the cells

gives the cells stability during temperature changes

important in cell recognition

cell signaling

cell adhesion

what is cytoplasm

gel like medium that holds the organells in position

what does the nucleus consist of

double nuclear envelope

nuclear pore

nucleoplasm

nucleolus

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what do double nuclear envelopes do

enclose/protect DNA

what does nuclear pore do

receives substances for DNA replication, exits for mRNA

what is nucleoplasm contain

chromatin granules, DNA associated proteins.

what does nucleolus do

produces rRNA part of ribosomes, proteins, coenzymes, enzymes for nucleic acid synthesis, RNA

what are ribosomes

the cells protein factories

what do ribosomes do

make protein

what is rough Endoplasminc Reticulum covered in

ribosomes

what do ribosomes on the surface do

synthesize proteins which are then transported through the interconnected system

what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum

interconnected system of flattened sacs

what is smooth endoplasmic reticulum

system of interconnected tubules

what does the smoothe ER synthesisze

triglycerided, phospholipid, cholesterol

does smooth ER have ribosomes

no

what does smooth ER modify

steroid hormones

what liquid is cytoplasm made out of

cytosol

where does metabolism take place

cytoplasm

what does cytoplasm contain

water/solution

where do most organelles float

cytoplasm

what floats in the cytoplasm

organelles

what does the mitochondria consist of

double membrane

outer membrane

inner membranes

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what does the double membrane in mitochondria do

it isolates certain reaction

substrates can be maintained

high concentration of enzymes

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what is the outer membrane in the mitochondria permeable to

salt, sugar, nucleotides

what does the inner membrane in the mitochondria do

it controls chemical composition of the matrix and optimizes enzyme activity

how many subunits do ribosomes have

2

what are ribosomes made out of

rRNA/protein

where is rRNA formed

nucleus and moves out via pored

where is the protein part of the ribosomes assembled

the cytoplasm

what are lysosomes

vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes

what do lysosomes do

break down old organelles and recycle the materials

break down storage materials

break down whole cell when it dies

what are vacuoles

sac like structures for storage

what do golgi apparatus do

processes and packages protein and other substances produced in the ER. it modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion

what does the cytoskeleton consist of

microtubules, micro filaments, intermediate filaments

where are centrosomes found

only inside eukaryotic/animal cells.

what do centrisomes comprise of

2 centrioles that are essentially just rings of microtubules

what are centrioles

Paired organelles
found together near the
nucleus, at right angles
to each other.

what do centrioles play a role in

building cilia and flagella

they play a roles in cellular reproduction

what do microtubules do

shape the cell

guide the movements of cells/organelles with the help of motor proteins

make up spindles that seperate chromosomes during cell division

what organelles are found in plant cells only

cell wall and chloroplast

what is cell wall mainly composed of

cellulose(fibre for our diet)

what does chloroplast make

it makes glucose using the energy from the sun(photsynthesis)

what are cilia/flagella

long structure projecting out of a cell membrane

a core of microtubules sheathed by the plasma

is flageelum or cilia longer

flagellum is longer and cillia is shorter

what is flagellum for

the movement of the cell

what is the cillia for

to beat up things

label the plant cell

compare and contrast plant and animal cells

what would happen to a cell if it didnt have a cells wall

it wouldnt have a shape

what color is chloroplast

green

what is a specialized cell

a cell that has a special shape and features that help it to do its job

plant example of specialized cells

leaf cells contain many chloroplasts to maximize photosynthesis

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stem cell(potato) contains many vacuoles to maximize water and starch storage

why do stem cells contain many vacuoles

to maximize water and starch storgae

why do leaf cells contain many chloroplasts

to maximize photosythesis

where is a palisade cell found

top of the leaf

what is the structure of a palisade cell

it is tall and has a large surface area to catch as much sunlight as possible and is packed with chloroplasts to absorb light

what is the function of a palisade cell

to carry out photsynthesis

to help make plant food

examples of specialised plant cells

xylem cells

phloem cells

what do xylem cells do

transport water and mineral ions from the roots to the leaves.

what are xylem cells made out of

cells that have dies and the cell walls have broken down between them forming hollow tubes strengthened by lignin

what do phloem cells do

transport the products of photosythesis(glucose) from the leaves to the rest of the plant

what is phloem cells made out of

living cells where the cell wall has broken down between cells to form sieve plates that sllow sugars to flow freely by translocation

what is the structure of a root hair cell

large surface area

thin cell wall

no chlorplasts

what is the function of root hair cell

absorb minerals and wate soil

why does a root hair cell have a large surface area

to absorb lots of water

why does a root hair cell have a thin cell wall

to allow water to pass through easily

why do epithlial cells have villi

to increase nutrient absorption found in the intestines