AP World History - Ultimate Guide

Vocabulary flashcards related to world history in the format term: definition.

Religious Mysticism

Adherents within religions focusing on mystical experiences that bring them closer to divine - prayer, meditation

4 Noble Truths

(1) all life is suffering, (2) suffering caused by desire, (3) can be freed of desire, (4) freed of desire following a prescribed path

Theravada Buddhism

meditation, simplicity, nirvana as renunciation of consciousness and self

Mahayana Buddhism

Great ritual, spiritual comfort - more complex but with greater spread

Confucianism

Founded by Confucius, educator and political advisor - thoughts and sayings collected in the Analects. 5 fundamental relations

Hinduism

Belief in one supreme force called Brahma who created everything - gods are manifestations of Brahma (Vishnu = preserver, Shiva = destroyer)

Moksha

Highest stake of being (internal peace and release of soul)

Islam

7th century - Muslims are the believers Allah presented words through prophet Muhammad, whose words were recorded in the Qur’an

5 Pillars of Islam

(1) confession, (2) prayer 5 times a day, (3) charity, (4) fasting during Ramadan, (5) pilgrimage to Mecca

Judaism

God selected a group of holy people who should follow his laws and worship them

Abbasid Dynasty

Islamic Empire from 750-1258 CE - early mid-9th century golden age. Capital in Baghdad (modern-day Iraq)

Mamluks

Egyptian group that defeated Mongols in Nazareth, helping preserve Islam in Near East

Feudalism

European hierarchy social system of Middle Ages

Code of Chivalry

Regulated conflict between lords which condemned betrayal and promoted mutual respect

Primogeniture

Land was passed down to eldest son

Interregnum

Time between kings

Magna Carta

Reinstated the nobles, laid foundation for Parliament

Hundred Years’ War

(1337-1453): unified France, leading to England’s withdrawal

Spanish Inquisition

The Spanish Inquisition forced all residents to convert to Christianity, leading to the persecution of non-Christians. Its effects included the expulsion of many Jews and Muslims from Spain and a deep-rooted climate of fear that altered Spanish society and culture

Neo-Confucianism

Buddhist ideas about soul, filial piety, maintenance of proper roles, loyalty to superiors

Code of Bushido

Code of conduct - loyalty, courage, honour

The Analects

Collection of Confucius' thoughts and sayings

Delhi Sultanate

Islamic invader kingdom in Delhi

Khmer Empire

(9th-15th century): Hindu Empire in modern day Cambodia, Laos, Thailand

Hausa Kingdoms

Off Niger River, series of state system kingdoms

Tenochtitlan

Capital city (modern Mexico City)

Burghers

Merchants that emerged in towns and became politically powerful

Hanseatic League

(1358): trade alliance though northern Europe to drive toward nationhood, increase social mobility and flexibility

Scholasticism

Growth of education and knowledge - founding of universities for men; philosophy, law, medicine study; ideas of Muslims and Greeks - came in conflict with religion

Crusades

(11-14th century): military campaigns by European Christians to convert Muslims and non-Christians, combat religious questioning

Combat Heresies

Religious practices/beliefs not conforming to traditional church doctrine

Pope Gregory IX

Inquisition (formal interrogation and prosecution of perceived heretics with punishments like excommunication, torture, execution) - church often referred to as Universal Church or Church Militant

Genghis Kahn

Unified the tribes in Mongolia in the early 1200s to expand their authority over other societies - first invaded China in 1234

Golden Horde

Conquered modern-day Russia

Mansa Musa

Malian ruler who built the capital of Timbuktu and expended the kingdom beyond Ghana

Sonni Ali

Songhai ruler that conquered region of west Africa in 15th century - became a major cultural centre until 1600

Cultural diffusion

Spread religions, languages, literature, art, idea, disease, plague

Xuanzang

Chinese Buddhist monk - through T’ang Dynasty to India to explore Buddhism

Marco Polo

Merchant from Venice, to China and Europe

Ibn Battuta

Islamic traveler, through Islamic world to India to China

Margery Kempe

English Christian, through Europe and Holy Land

Humanism

Focus on personal accomplishment, happiness, and life on earth instead of living for the goal of salvation

Johannes Gutenberg

Invented the printing press - made books easy to produce and affordable, and accessible to everyone led to more literate people

Indulgences

a paper faithful could purchase to reduce time in purgatory

Martin Luther

German monk who published his list of complaints against the church - most significantly proposed salvation was given directly through God, not through the church, which significantly reduced the church’s influence

Lutherans

Luther’s followers - separated from Catholic Church

Calvinism

John Calvin: predestination - only a few people would be saved by God, great influence in Scotland and France

Jesuits

Ignatius Loyola: prayer and good works leads to salvation

Council of Trent

Reinstated pope authority, punished heretics, reestablished Latin as only language in worship

Copernican Revolution

Nicolaus Copernicus - discovered earth and other celestial bodies revolved around the sun and the earth rotated on its axis

Scientific Method

shift from reasoning being most reliable means of scientific meaning to scientific method (theory, documentation, repetition, others experimenting)

Deism

Became popular in 1700s - God created the earth but doesn’t interfere in its workings

Elizabethan Age

(1558-1603): expansion, exploration, colonization in New World - golden age

Muscovy Company

First joint-stock company - British East India Company

Habeas Corpus Act

Prevents people from arrests without due process

Glorious Revolution

Succeeded by his daughter Mary and her husband William - signed English Bill of Rights (1689)

Edict of Nantes

(1598) (environment of tolerance between religions)

Noblesse de la robe

Created the bureaucratic class

Peter the Great

Ruled from 1682-1725 - redesigned and adapted Russia in to westernized fashion

Catherine the Great

Ruled from 1762-1796 - education and Western culture - serf conditions were of no importance to her

Devshirme

Enslaved Christian children and turned them into warriors called Janissaries

Janissaries

Enslaved Christian children turned into warriors

Akbar

Succeeded Babur from 1556 to 1605 - united India further with religious toleration, did give Muslim landowners (zamindars) power to tax

encomienda system

System of forced labour of the natives and African slaves

Asanti Empire

Arose in 1670 - avoided invasion and expanded its territory

National Seclusion Policy

(1635): prohibited Japanese from traveling abroad and prohibited most foreigners

Cossack Revolts

(Modern-day Ukraine) - 17-18th century. Resisted Russian Empire but were eventually defeated

Maroon Societies

(Caribbean and Brazil) - 17th-18th century. Resisted slave-owners in Americas and avoided attempts to be recaptured and sold

Pueblo Revolts

(US) - 1680. Resisted Spanish colonizers and their encomienda system, but victory was temporary

Treaty of Tordesillas

(1494): agreement between Spain and Portugal to split colonized land between them

Sternpost Rudder

Invented in China - better control of ships

Three-Masted Caravels

Large ships fit for longer journeys

Peninsulares

Spanish officials governing the colonies

Creoles

Spanish born in colonies to Spanish parents - barred from high positions but were educated and wealthy

Mestizos

Those with European/Native American ancestry

Mulattos

Those with European/African ancestry

Middle Passage

Slaves were forced onto ships, chained below deck, and endured a brutal

Columbian Exchange

Transatlantic transfer of animals, plants, diseases, people, technology, ideas among Europe, Americas, and Africa

Joint-stock company

Pool resources of merchants to distribute costs and reducing dangers of individual investors

Mercantilism

Theory that creating a favourable balance of import and export was best - of course, this led to Europe’s intense colonialism to match their import demand

Monroe Doctrine

US President Monroe declared Western Hemisphere off-limits to Europeans in 1823

Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine

US would be responsible for intervening in financial disputes between Americas and Europe

Divine Right

Church allied with strong monarchs, monarchs believed they were ordained by God to rule

Social contract

Governments not formed by divine decree, but to meet social and economic needs

Neoclassical Period

Middle of 18th century - imitated style of ancient Greek/Roman architecture

French and Indian War

British defeated France over American territory - /Seven Years’ War - pushed France to northern territory

Boston Tea Party

Colonists dumping imported tea in harbour to protest Tea Act

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Adopted by National Assembly in 1789 and caused big changes in French government structure

Committee of Public Safety

Enforcer of revolution and murdered any anti-revolution people led by Maximilien Robespierre

Napoleonic Codes

(1804) recognized equality of men, dissolved the Holy Roman Empire with French military

Congress of Vienna

Balance of power should be maintained among powers of Europe

Treaty of Cordoba

Spain recognizing their 300-year-old control of Latin America was ending

Neocolonialism

Independent nations still controlled by economic and political interests

Enclosure

Public lands that were shared for farming became enclosed by fences

Industrial Revolution

Began in Britain in 19th century - spread through Europe, Japan, US

Domestic system

Most work being done on farms or at home or at small shops

Factory Act of 1883

Limited hours of each workday, restricted children from working, factory owners had to make conditions safer

Karl Marx

The Communist Manifesto - working class take over means of production and all resources would be equally

Nationalism

France, Spain, Portugal, Britain, Russia had unified Italy and Germany, which were city-states took longer to unify and alter balance of European power

Social Darwinists

Applied natural selection to sociology - there were dominant races or classes