Sociology Final

What historical events led to the study of sociology?

What historical events led to the study of sociology?

Industrial Revolution

What is the Sociological Perspective / Imagination?

Understanding how social forces shape individual experiences and behavior

“Making the familiar strange.”

Questioning and challenging common assumptions to gain new insights

Functionalism?

Society is a system of interrelated parts that work together to maintain social order

Conflict Theory?

For those in power to stay in power

Symbolic Interactionism?

Society is constructed through the meanings and symbols people use in their interactions

What type of sociology is Functionalism?

Macro

What type of sociology is Conflict Theory?

Macro

What type of sociology is Symbolic Interactionism?

Micro

What is Macro sociology?

Large-scale

What is Micro sociology?

Personal

What is Symbolic Meaning in society?

Things carry social meanings and represent shared understandings or values

What are some common research methods in sociology?

Surveys, Interviews, Observations

Independent Variable

Manipulated or changed -- the cause

Dependent Variable

Measured or affected -- the effect

What is causation?

Cause-and-effect relationship

What is correlation?

Relationship between variables

What are ethics?

Principles ensuring the well-being and rights of participants

What is culture?

Shared beliefs, values, norms, symbols, and practices of a group or society

What are instincts and heredity in group behavior?

Biological factors influencing certain behaviors within a group

How does the language we speak influence understanding of reality?

Language shapes the way we think, and determines what we think about

Collectivism

Emphasizes the groups interests and harmony

Individualism

Focuses on individual rights and autonomy

What are norms?

Socially accepted rules of behavior

Folkways?

Informal norms guiding everyday behavior

Mores?

Strongly held norms with moral significance

Taboo?

Socially prohibited or forbidden behaviors

Laws?

Formal norms enforced by the state

What is Material culture?

Consists of tangible objects

What is Non-Material culture?

Ideas, values, beliefs

What is a sub-culture?

Smaller group within a larger culture with distinctive norms and values

What is a counter-culture?

Sub-culture that opposes or challenges the dominant culture

What is Ethnocentrism?

The belief in the superiority of one’s own culture

What is a Cultural Universal?

Common cultural features found in all societies

What is the “Looking Glass Self”

Our self image is shaped by how we believe others perceive us

What does “I am not what you think I am. I am not what I think I am. I am what I think you think I am.”

Our self-perception is influenced by our perception of how others view us

What is a Reference Group?

A group used for social comparison and influencing one’s attitudes and behaviors

How would a Conflict Theorist view socialization?

Emphasize social inequalities and power dynamics

How would a Functionalist view socialization?

Focus on social stability and shared values

How can birth order and gender socialization play a role in socialization within a family?

Different expectations and values dependent on first, second, et. as well as their gender

How would a Working-Class family socialize their children?

Emphasize obedience and respect for authority

How would a Middle-Class family socialize their children?

Autonomy and independent judgment are valued as well as creativity

What are the benefits of religion in socialization?

Moral guidance, social cohesion, sense of purpose

What is the Manifest curriculum in school?

Formal subjects

What is the Hidden curriculum in school?

Implicit norms, values, socialization

How would schools perpetuate inequality?

Reinforce existing social inequalities through biased practices and resources

What are algorithms?

Mathematical formulas used to predict and personalize content

What is Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning?

Computer systems simulating human intelligence and learning from data

What does it mean to be Ethical?

Concerned with moral principles and values

Growth Hacking?

Strategies to rapidly increase user base and engagement

What is Dopamine?

A neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward

What is polarization in society?

Division and separation of people into opposing groups

What is Radicalization?

Process of adopting extreme beliefs or ideologies

Ascribed status?

Assigned at birth

Achieved status?

Earned through personal efforts

What is role conflict?

Conflicting expectations from different roles

What is role strain?

Fulfilling a single role becomes challenging

What was the Stanford Prison Experiment?

Examined the effects of perceived power and authority on individuals’ behavior

What is Groupthink?

Conformity and lack of critical thinking in group decision-making

What is Conformity?

Adjusting behavior to align with group norms

What is Cancel Culture?

Withdrawing support or publicizing criticism toward individuals deemed problematic

What is Coercion

Use of force or threats to make someone comply

What is a Social Network?

Web of social relationships and interactions

What was the Milgram Experiment

Study investigating obedience to authority, involving simulated electric shocks

What was the Asch experiment?

Study examining conformity by showing participants lines of different lengths

What is Deviance?

Behavior that violates social norms

What is Strain Theory?

Deviance arises from the strain between societal goals and limited means

What is the Conflict Theorist’s approach?

Deviance reflects power struggles and social inequalities

What is Control Theory

Deviance results from weakened social bonds and weak internal control

What is Labeling Theory?

Deviance is a result of societal labeling and stigmatization

What is Stigma?

Negative social label affecting a person's identity and interactions

What is Differential Association Theory?

Deviance is learned through interaction with deviant individuals

What is the Broken Windows Theory?

Visible signs of disorder lead to further crime and social decay

What is Rehabilitation?

Aimed at reforming offenders and reintegrating them into society

What is Restitution?

Repayment or compensation to victims for harm caused

What is Recidivism?

Relapse into criminal behavior after punishment or rehabilitation

What is Deterrence?

Using punishment to discourage potential offenders

What is Retribution?

Punishment as a form of moral vengeance

What is White Collar Crime?

Nonviolent, financially motivated offenses by individuals in high social positions

What is Victimless Crime?

Acts that are illegal but have no clear victim

What is Social Stratification / Social Class?

Division of society into hierarchical layers

How do Conflict Theorists see social class?

Focus on inequalities and power dynamics

How do Functionalists see social class?

Focus on the role of social class in maintaining social order

What is Income?

Money earned

What is wealth?

Total assets and financial resources

Upper class?

Wealthiest and most influential in society

Middle class?

Between upper and working classes

Working class?

Engaged in manual labor

Working poor?

Low-wage jobs often facing financial insecurity

Underclass?

Most economically disadvantaged and marginalized

What is Social Mobility

Movement of individuals or groups within the social stratification system

What is Class Consciousness

Awareness and recognition of ones social class position and interests

What is Upward mobility?

Higher and higher social classes

What is Downward mobility?

Lower and lower social classes

What is Intergenerational mobility?

Changes in social class or status between different generations

What is Intragenerational mobility?

Changes in social class or status in ones lifetime

What is structural mobility?

Changes from structural shifts in society

What is Exchange mobility?

Social mobility in terms of the overall balance between upwards and downward movement in society