Unit 3: Land-Based Empires (OVERALL)

Henry VIII

English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)

Queen Elizabeth I

Ruled 50 years; one of the most successful monarchs in English History; supported the arts, increased the treasury, supported the exploration of the New World, built up the military, and established the Church of England as the main religion in England

Queen Isabella & Ferdinand

funded Columbus' voyage because he promised Spain gold and the spreading of Christianity

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief minister of France who reduced the power of the nobles

Hapsburgs

Austrian rulers of the Holy Roman empire and the Netherlands

Holy Roman Empire

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.

Louis XIV

This French king ruled for the longest time ever in Europe. He issued several economic policies and costly wars. He was the prime example of absolutism in France; Sun king.

Edict of Nantes

document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots

Thirty Years War

(1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and the Hapsburgs

Divine Right

Belief that a ruler's authority comes directly from god.

Palace of Versailles

Lavish palace constructed by Louis XIV to reflect his power and might; legitimizing

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Martin Luther

German theologian who led the Reformation (he looked silly)

95 Theses

Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on October 31, 1517.

Indulgences

pardon sold by catholic church to reduce one's punishment

Erasmus

Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe

John Calvin

French/Swiss theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

Predestination

Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Anglican Church

church that King Henry VIII of England creates so that he can marry and divorce as he pleases

Counter Reformation (Catholic Reformation)

reform movement to abolish abuses of the church and bring back traditional values. (Catholic Church's movement that stopped selling indulgences. It created the Jesuit order to spread Catholic ideas across the world.)

Spanish

Spain's people; the language spoken by spaniards

Ignatius Loyola

Founder of the Jesuits

Inquisition

a Roman Catholic Church court set up to try people accused of heresy

Jesuits

members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola

Johannes Gutenberg

Invented the printing press (German)

Protestantism

a form of Christianity that was in opposition to the Catholic Church

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which is a resurgence of understanding and striving personal accomplishment

Philosphes

A group of thinkers or philosophers of the Enlightenment

Council of Trent

Meeting called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

Absolutism

A political system in which a ruler holds total power

Peter the Great

This was the tsar of Russia that Westernized Russia and built up a massive Russian army.

Eastern Orthodox Church

Christian followers in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire); split from Roman Catholic Church and shaped life in eastern Europe and western Asia

St. Basil's Cathedral

Cathedral built in Moscow by Ivan IV.

St. Petersburg

Built by Peter the Great of Russia to attract Europeans and to get warm water ports; "window to the west"; westernized city; capital

Winter Palace

The former home of the Czar and the place where the Bolsheviks seized control

Golden Horde

Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu; based in southern Russia.

Westernization (of Russia)

Peter adopted European customs and used their technology to create a strong army; peasants for army, navy; police-state made; port for access to Europe through Baltic Sea; St. Petersburg

Slavophilism

Advocacy of Slavic and specifically Russian culture over western European culture

Czar/Tsar

A Russian emperor

Ivan III (the Great)

Ivan ____, was the Grand Duke of Moscow, ended Mongol domination of his dukedom, extended territories, subdued nobles, and attained absolute power; made Moscow the center of a new Russian state with a central government

Kremlin

Citadel of Moscow, housing the offices of the Russian government

Ivan IV (The Terrible)

First absolute tsar of Russia who crushed the boyars, giving him a nasty reputation

Siberia

A region of central and eastern Russia; known for its mineral resources and for being a place of political exile; Asian portion of Russia

Cossacks

Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. __________ led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Time of Troubles

followed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613.

Romanov Dynasty

Russian Dynasty elected in 1613 at end of Time of Troubles; ruled Russia until 1917

Catherine the Great

Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796); Poland

Pugachev Rebellion

Eugene _________, a Cossack soldier, led a huge serf uprising-demanded end to serfdom, taxes and army service; landlords and officials murdered all over southwestern Russia; eventually captured and executed

Boyars

Russian nobles (landholding aristocrats)

Serfdom (in Russia)

emerges in the early middle ages. People provide labor services for landlords and are prevented from marrying or moving away

Pogroms

Government supported attacks against Jews in Russia

Michael Romanov

The new Tsar of Russia after Ivan, he ended the Time of Troubles

Partition of Poland

Division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of expansion of Russian influence in eastern Europe.

Ottoman Empire

A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922.

Safavid Dynasty

a dynasty developed out of Persia that eventually came under Shi'a Islam

Mughal Empire

a period of Muslim rule of India from the 1500s to the 1700s

Suleiman Mosque

a mosque ordered by Suleiman I that can be seen from the Golden Horn promontory that juts into the Black Sea

Coffeehouses

places where important discussions of politics and other social matters could occur, very popular throughout Europe and with the Ottomans

Tariff

A tax on imported goods

Tribute

Money paid for protection

Ulama

Islamic religious scholars/judges

Umma

The community of all Muslims

Sharia Law

Islamic law

Harem

living quarters reserved for wives and concubines and female relatives in a Muslim household

Miniature Paintings

During the Ottoman Empire, artisans would paint tiny paintings on pieces of rice

Sikhism

a monotheistic religion founded in Punjab in the 15th century by Guru Nanak.

Guru Nanak

Founder of Sikhism

Sati

The Indian custom of a widow voluntarily throwing herself on the funeral pyre of her husband.

Taj Mahal

A huge tomb built by the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan to honor his wife.

Gunpowder Empires

Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannons and gunpowder to advance their military causes.

Sultan

Military and political leader with absolute authority over a Muslim country

Mehmed II

Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; responsible for conquest of Constantinople; destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire.

Suleiman I

The leader of the Ottoman Empire during their peak

Topkapi Palace

Political headquarters of the Ottoman Empire, it was located in Istanbul.

Viziers

Chief assistants to caliphs/sultans

Shah

Persian word for king

Tax Farming

A government's use of private collectors to collect taxes; landlords would collect a fixed amount for the government and are permitted to keep as profit everything they collect over that amount

Askia of Songhai

known as Muhammad Ture Sylla, was an emperor, military commander and political reformer of Songhai empire in late 15th century

Piracy

the unauthorized use or reproduction of another's work; pirates

Shah Abbas I

brought the Safavids to the peak of the power, slave infantrymen

Ismail

this man was a ruthless leader of the Safavid Empire who executed all Sunni Muslims in his empire

Messianic

focusing on the coming of a prophet/messiah who will usher in a pious, religious period

Qezilbash

"Red Turbaned" fighters who supported Shah Ismail I; divided into different groups; princes married women of each group for political power

Isfahan

Capital of the Safavid Empire.

Shah Akbar

Ruler of Mughal empire; believed in cultural relativism, centralizing government, center of divine faith, allowed Hindus to work in government positions

Zamindars

Archaic tax system of the Mughal empire where decentralized lords collected tribute for the emperor

Devshirme

Ottoman policy of taking boys from Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers

Shah Jahan

Mughal ruler who built Taj Mahal for his dead wife

Shah Aurangzeb

Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar 'the Great', under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death.

Janissaries

Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve the sultan; elite group of warriors

Istanbul

Capital of the Ottoman Empire; named this after 1453 and the sack of Constantinople.

Purdah

Isolation of women in separate quarters

Mumtaz Mahal

Shah Jahan's wife who had a building named after her (Taj Mahal)

Dutch Trading Empire

Based on control of fortified towns and factories, warships on patrol, and monopoly control of limited number of products- particularly spices.

Java (War)

The 1825-1830 war between the Dutch government and the Javanese, fought over the extension of Dutch control of the island.

Sunni

muslim branch that accepts any rightful islamic rulers; or the first 4 caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammed

Shia

the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad

Rupee

the basic unit of money in India